| Arabian oryx | |
|---|---|
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| Male inDubai Desert Conservation Reserve | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Hippotraginae |
| Genus: | Oryx |
| Species: | O. leucoryx |
| Binomial name | |
| Oryx leucoryx (Pallas, 1777) | |
TheArabian oryx orwhite oryx (Oryx leucoryx) is a medium-sizedantelope with a distinct shoulder bump, long, straight horns, and a tufted tail.[2] It is abovid, and the smallest member of the genusOryx, native to desert and steppe areas of theArabian Peninsula. The Arabian oryx wasextinct in the wild by the early 1970s, but was saved inzoos and private reserves, and wasreintroduced into the wild starting in 1980.
In 1986, the Arabian oryx was classified asendangered on theIUCN Red List, and in 2011, it was the first animal to revert tovulnerable status after previously being listed as extinct in the wild. It is listed inCITES Appendix I. In 2016, populations were estimated at 1,220 individuals in the wild, including 850 mature individuals, and 6,000–7,000 in captivity worldwide.[1]
Thetaxonomic nameOryx leucoryx is from theGreekorux (gazelle or antelope) andleukos (white). The Arabian oryx is also called the white oryx in English,dishon in Hebrew,[3] and is known asmaha, wudhaihi, baqar al-wahsh, andboosolah inArabic.[4]
The name "oryx" was introduced byPeter Simon Pallas in 1767 for thecommon eland asAntilope oryx. He alsoscientifically described the Arabian oryx asOryx leucoryx, giving its range as "Arabia, and perhaps Libya". In 1816,Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville subdivided the antelope group, adoptedOryx as a genus name, and changed thespecies nameAntilope oryx toOryx gazella. In 1826,Martin Lichtenstein confused matters by transferring the nameOryx leucoryx to thescimitar oryx, nowOryx dammah. TheZoological Society of London obtained the first living individual inEurope in 1857. Not realizing this might be theOryx leucoryx of previous authors,John Edward Gray proposed calling itOryx beatrix afterPrincess Beatrice of the United Kingdom.Oldfield Thomas renamed the scimitar oryx asOryx algazal in 1903 and gave the Arabian oryx its original name.[4]
The Arabian oryx' coat is an almost luminous white, the undersides and legs are brown, and black stripes occur where the head meets the neck, on the forehead, on the nose, and going from the horn down across the eye to the mouth. Both sexes have long, straight or slightly curved, ringed horns which are 0.61–1.49 m (2–4.9 ft). It stands between 0.79 and 1.25 m (2.6 and 4.1 ft) tall at the shoulder and typically weighs between 220 to 460 lb (100 to 209 kg).[5][2]
Historically, the Arabian oryx probably ranged throughout most of theMiddle East. In the early 1800s, they could still be found in theSinai,Palestine, theTransjordan, much ofIraq, and most of theArabian Peninsula. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, their range was pushed back towardsSaudi Arabia, and by 1914, only a few survived outside that country. A few were reported inJordan into the 1930s, but by the mid-1930s, the only remaining populations were in theNafud Desert in northwestern Saudi Arabia and theRub' al Khali in the south.[2]
In the 1930s, Arabian princes and oil company clerks started hunting Arabian oryxes with automobiles and rifles. Hunts grew in size, and some were reported to employ as many as 300 vehicles. By the middle of the 20th century, the northern population was effectively extinct.[2] The last Arabian oryx in the wild before reintroduction was reported in 1972.[6]
Arabian oryxes prefer to range in gravel deserts or hard sand, where their speed and endurance will protect them from most predators and hunters on foot. In the sand deserts in Saudi Arabia, they used to be found in the hard sand areas of the flats between the softer dunes and ridges.[2]
Arabian oryxes have been reintroduced to Oman, Saudi Arabia,Israel, the United Arab Emirates, Syria, and Jordan. A small population was introduced onHawar Island, Bahrain, and large semi-managed populations at several sites in Qatar and the UAE. The total reintroduced population is now estimated to be around 1,000. This puts the Arabian oryx well over the threshold of 250 mature individuals needed to qualify for endangered status. However, the majority of the population is concentrated in Saudi Arabia.[1]
Arabian oryxes rest during the heat of the day. They can detect rainfall and move towards it, meaning they have huge ranges; a herd in Oman can range over 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi). Packs are of mixed sex and usually contain between 2 and 15 animals, though herds of up to 100 have been reported. Arabian oryxes are generally not aggressive toward one another, which allows herds to exist peacefully for some time.[7]
The diets of the Arabian oryx consist mainly ofgrasses, but they eat a large variety of vegetation, includingbuds,herbs,fruit,tubers androots. Herds of Arabian oryxes follow infrequent rains to eat the new plants that grow afterwards. They can go for several weeks without water.[7] In Oman, it primarily eats grasses of the genusStipagrostis, flowers fromStipagrostis plants appeared highest in crude protein and water, while leaves seemed a better food source with other vegetation.[8]
When the Arabian oryx is not wandering its habitat or eating, it digs shallow depressions in the soft ground under shrubs or trees for resting. They can detect rainfall from a distance and follow in the direction of fresh plant growth. The number of individuals in a herd can vary greatly (up to 100 have been reported occasionally), but the average is 10 or fewer individuals.[9] Bachelor herds do not occur, and single territorial males are rare. Herds establish a straightforward hierarchy that involves all females and males above the age of about seven months.[10] Arabian oryxes tend to maintain visual contact with other herd members, with subordinate males taking positions between the main body of the herd and the outlying females. If separated, males will search areas where the herd last visited, settling into a solitary existence until the herd's return. Where water and grazing conditions permit, male Arabian oryxes establish territories. Bachelor males are solitary.[11] A dominance hierarchy is created within the herd by posturing displays, which avoid the danger of serious injury their long, sharp horns could potentially inflict. Males and females use their horns to defend the sparse territorial resources against interlopers.[12]
The Arabian oryx changes its physiology and behaviour at different times of the year to increase survival during times when food and water are in limited supply. During the summer, when droughts are common in the desert environments where it lives, the Arabian oryx will drastically reduce its minimal fasting metabolic rate by lying completely inactive beneath shade trees during the day and ranging over smaller areas at night to forage.[13] By letting its body temperature rise during the heat of the day, it uses less evaporative cooling and retains more body water, and at night, the cool night air lowers its temperature back to the normal range.[14] The oryx's arterial blood temperature is partly powered by a network of small arterial vessels with a large surface area called therete mirabile, which branches from the twocarotid arteries to the brain and allows for heat exchange between warm arterial blood and the cooler blood in the sinus cavities.[14] Because of these changes in behaviour and physiology, it was shown that Arabian oryx can reduce their urine volume, faecal water loss, and resting metabolic rate by at least 50%.[15]
Wolves are the Arabian oryx's onlypredator. Incaptivity and safe conditions in the wild, Arabian oryxes have alifespan of up to 20 years.[11] In periods ofdrought, though, their life expectancy may be significantly reduced bymalnutrition anddehydration. Other causes of death include fights between males, snakebites, disease, and drowning during floods.[16]
The Arabian oryx is thenational animal of Jordan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates,[17]Bahrain, andQatar.[18]
The Arabian oryx is also the namesake of several businesses on the Arabian peninsula, notablyAl Maha Airways andAl Maha Petroleum.
In theKing James Version of the Bible, the wordre'em is translated as 'unicorn'. InModern Hebrew, the namere'em lavan, meaning white oryx, is used in error for the scimitar-horned oryxes living in the sanctuaryYotvata Hai Bar near Eilat.[19] The scimitar oryx is calledre'em Sahara. The Arabian nameri'ïm is the equivalent of the Hebrew namere'em, also meaning white oryx, suggesting a borrowing from the Early Modern Era.
A Qatari oryx named "Orry" was chosen as the official games mascot for the2006 Asian Games inDoha,[20] and is shown on tailfins of planes belonging to Middle Eastern airlineQatar Airways.
The myth of the one-hornedunicorn may be based on oryxes that have lost one horn.Aristotle andPliny the Elder held that the oryx was the unicorn's "prototype".[21] From certain angles, the oryx may seem to have one horn rather than two,[22][23] and given that its horns are made from hollow bone that cannot be regrown, if an Arabian oryx were to lose one of its horns, for the rest of its life, it would have only one.[21]
Another source for the concept may have originated from the translation of the Hebrew wordre'em into Greek as μονόκερως,monokeros, in theSeptuagint.[24] In Psalm 22:21, the wordkaren, meaning horn, is written in singular. The Roman CatholicVulgata and the Douay-Rheims Bible translatedre'em as rhinoceros; other translations are names for a wild bull, wild oxen, buffalo, orgaur, but in some languages, a word for unicorn is maintained. The Arabic translationalrim is the correct choice etymologically, meaning 'white oryx'.[25]
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ThePhoenix Zoo and the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society of London (nowFauna and Flora International), with financial help from theWorld Wildlife Fund, are credited with saving the Arabian oryx from extinction. In 1962, these groups started the first captive-breeding herd in anyzoo, at the Phoenix Zoo, sometimes referred to as "Operation Oryx".[26][27] Starting with nine animals, the Phoenix Zoo has had over 240 successful births. From Phoenix, Arabian oryxes were sent to other zoos and parks to start new herds.
In 1968,SheikhZayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi, out of concern for theland's wildlife, particularlyungulates such as the Arabian oryx, founded theAl Ain Zoo to conserve them.[28]
Arabian oryxes were hunted to extinction in the wild by 1972. By 1980, the number of Arabian oryxes in captivity had increased to the point thatArabian oryx reintroduction was started. The first release, to Oman, was attempted with Arabian oryxes from theSan Diego Wild Animal Park.[6] Although numbers in Oman have declined, there are now wild populations inSaudi Arabia andIsrael,[29][30] as well. One of the largest populations is found inMahazat as-Sayd Protected Area, a large, fenced reserve in Saudi Arabia, covering more than 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi).[1]
On June 28, 2007, Oman'sArabian Oryx Sanctuary was the first site ever to be removed from theUNESCOWorld Heritage List. UNESCO's reason for this was the Omani government's decision to open 90% of the site to oil prospecting. The Arabian oryx population on the site has been reduced from 450 in 1996 to only 65 in 2007. At that time, there were fewer than four breeding pairs left on the site.[31][needs update]
In June 2011, the Arabian oryx was relisted as vulnerable by theIUCN Red List. The IUCN estimated there were more than 1,200 Arabian oryx in the wild as of 4 December 2020[update] 2016, with 6,000–7,000 held in captivity worldwide in zoos, preserves, and private collections. Some of these are in large, fenced enclosures (free-roaming), including those in Syria (Al Talila), Bahrain, Qatar, and the UAE.[1] This is the first time the IUCN has reclassified a species as vulnerable after it had been listed as extinct in the wild.[32] The Arabian oryx is also listed inCITES Appendix I.[1]
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