Arab Maghreb Union | |
|---|---|
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| Seat of Secretariat | Rabat, Morocco |
| Largest city | Casablanca, Morocco[1] |
| Official language | Arabic |
| Demonym | Maghrebis |
| Member states | |
| Leaders | |
• Secretary General | Taïeb Baccouche |
| Establishment | 17 February 1989 |
| Area | |
• Total | 6,046,441 km2 (2,334,544 sq mi) (7th) |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 102,877,547 (13th) |
• Density | 17/km2 (44.0/sq mi) (217th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $1.299173 trillion[citation needed] (23rd) |
• Per capita | $12,628[citation needed] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $382.780 billion[citation needed] (37st) |
• Per capita | $3,720[citation needed] |
| Gini (2012[citation needed]) |  32.8medium inequality |
| HDI (2019[citation needed]) |  0.715high (106th) |
| Currency | |
Website maghrebarabe | |
TheArab Maghreb Union (Arabic:إتحاد المغرب العربيIttiḥād al-Maghrib al-‘Arabī;AMU/UMA) is apolitical union andeconomic union trade agreement aiming for economic and future political unity among Arab countries that are located primarily in theMaghreb inNorth Africa. Its members are the nations ofAlgeria,Libya,Mauritania,Morocco andTunisia.[2] The Union has been unable to achieve tangible progress on its goals due to deep economic and political disagreements between Morocco and Algeria regarding, among others, the issue ofWestern Sahara.[3] No high-level meetings have taken place since 3 July 2008,[4] and commentators regard the Union as largely dormant.[5][6][7]
The idea for an economic union of theMaghreb began with the independence of Tunisia and Morocco in 1956. It was not until thirty years later, though, that five Maghrebstates—Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia—met for the first Maghreb summit in 1988.[8] The Union was established on 17 February 1989 when the treaty was signed by the member states inMarrakech.[8][9] According to the Constitutive Act, its aim is to guarantee cooperation "with similar regional institutions... [to] take part in the enrichment of the international dialogue... [to] reinforce the independence of the member states and... [to] safeguard... their assets." Strategic relevance of the region is based on the fact that, collectively, it boasts large phosphate, oil, and gas reserves, and it is a transit centre to southern Europe. The success of the Union would, therefore, be economically important.[10]
There is a rotating chairmanship within the AMU which is held in turn by each nation. The current Secretary-General is the TunisianTaïeb Baccouche.[11][12]
During the 16th session of the AMU Foreign Ministers, held on 12 November 1994 in Algiers,Egypt applied to join the AMU grouping.
The economy of the AMU combines the economies of four out of five member states.[clarification needed] All countries are predominantly Arab and Muslim states. The four out of five AMU countries have a combinedGDP (atpurchasing power parity; PPP) of US$1.5276 trillion.[when?] The richest country on the basis of GDP percapita at PPP isAlgeria. On the basis of per capita GDP (nominal),Libya is the richest country, with incomes exceeding US$65.803 per capita.[clarification needed]
| Country | GDP (nominal) | GDP (PPP) | GDP (nominal) per capita | GDP (PPP) per capita | HDI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Algeria | 200,171,000,000 | 693,109,000,000 | 4,645 | 16,085 | 0.763 |
 Libya | 51,330,000,000 | 79,595,000,000 | 7,803 | 12,100 | 0.721 |
 Mauritania | 5,243,000,000 | 19,472,000,000 | 1,291 | 4,797 | 0.563 |
 Morocco | 122,458,000,000 | 332,358,000,000 | 3,441 | 9,339 | 0.710 |
 Tunisia | 42,277,000,000 | 151,566,000,000 | 3,587 | 12,862 | 0.746 |
| Arab Maghreb Union | 421,479,000,000 | 1,276,100,000,000 | 3,720 | 12,628 | 0.700 |
There have been problems of traditional rivalries within the AMU. For example, in 1994, Algeria decided to transfer the presidency of the AMU to Libya.[citation needed] This followed the diplomatic tensions between Algeria and other members, especially Morocco and Libya, whose leaders continuously refused to attend AMU meetings held in Algiers.[citation needed] Algerian officials justified the decision, arguing that they were simply complying with the AMU Constitutive Act, which stipulates that the presidency should in fact rotate on an annual basis.[citation needed] Algeria agreed to take over the presidency from Tunisia in 1994, but could not transfer it due to the absence of all required conditions to relinquish the presidency as stipulated by the Constitutive Act.[citation needed]
Following the announcement of the decision to transfer the presidency of the Union, theLibyan leader,Muammar Gaddafi, stated that it was time to put the Union "in the freezer".[13] This raised questions about Libya's position towards the Union. The concern was that Libya would have a negative influence on the manner in which it would preside over the organization.[10]
Moreover,traditional rivalries between Morocco and Algeria, and the unsolved question ofWestern Sahara's sovereignty, have blocked union meetings since the early 1990s despite several attempts to re-launch the political process. Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that was invaded by Morocco and Mauritania, has declared independence as theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The latest top-level conference, in mid-2005, was derailed by Morocco's refusal to meet, due to Algeria's vocal support for Sahrawi independence. Algeria has continuously supported thePolisario Front liberation movement.[10]
Several attempts have been made, notably by theUnited Nations, to resolve the Western Sahara issue. In mid-2003, the UN Secretary General's Personal Envoy,James Baker, proposed a settlement plan, also referred to as theBaker Plan II. The UN's proposal was rejected by Morocco and accepted by theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. As far as bilateral attempts are concerned, very little has been achieved, as Morocco continues to refuse any concessions that would allow the independence of Western Sahara, while Algeria maintains its support for the self-determination of the Sahrawis.[10]
In addition, the quarrel between Gaddafi's Libya and Mauritania has not made the task of reinvigorating the organization any easier. Mauritania has accused theLibyan secret service of being involved in a2003 attempted coup against PresidentMaaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya. Libya has denied all the accusation.[14][15]
In 2023, the single currency project in the area remains technically feasible but politically infeasible.[16]
In April 2024, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya discuss the establishment of a new North African entity, supposed to replace the Arab Maghreb Union, which they consider "inoperative", without Morocco, and Mauritania. It was decided that joint working groups will be created to coordinate efforts on the security of common borders in the face of irregular migration and the establishment of major joint investment projects on cereal production as well as water desalination of sea water in the face of climate change, and the free movement of goods and people between the three countries.[17]
In November 2024, Algerian presidentAbdelmadjid Tebboune invitedKais Saied, President of Tunisia,Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, President of Mauritania,Mohamed al-Menfi, President of theLibyan Presidential Council, andIbrahim Ghali, President of theSahrawi Republic, to attend the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of theDeclaration of 1 November 1954. This meeting is seen as the beginning of a new union with the notable absence of Morocco and Mauritania.
A third tripartite summit between Tunisia, Libya, and Algeria is being held inTripoli[18] in January 2025.[19]
It was reported in early January 2006, that the largely moribund Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) had appointed...
Tunisia's interim president, Moncef Marzouki, toured Morocco, Mauritania and Algeria last week in a bid to breathe life into the moribund Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), a planned North African trading bloc. While economic integration could boost employment and living standards across the region, leaders largely unanswerable to voters dithered for years in making it happen.
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