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| Arab Liberation Flag | |
| Adopted | 23 July 1952 (Egypt) 26 September 1962 (North Yemen) 8 March 1963 (Syria) 31 July 1963 (Iraq) 14 October 1967 (South Yemen) 1 September 1969 (Libya) 20 May 1970 (Sudan) 22 May 1990 (Unified Yemen) |
|---|---|
| Relinquished | 2 March 1977 (Libya) 8 December 2024 (Syria) |
| Design | A horizontal tricolour of red, white and black |
| Designed by | Egyptian Free Officers movement(original design since 23 July 1952) |
TheArab Liberation Flag (Arabic:علم التحرير العربي) is apan-Arab tricolor flag originally adopted by theEgyptian Free Officers movement following the1952 Egyptian revolution.[1] The tricolor flag consists of horizontal stripes in red, white, and black.[1] The Arab Liberation Flag became a symbol ofArab nationalism,republicanism, andNasserism, as well as the basis fornumerous flags in theArab world. Today, its variations are used as the national flags ofEgypt,Iraq,Yemen, andSudan, and were formerly used bySyria andLibya.[2]
The Arab Liberation Flag borrowed the pan-Arab colors from the 1916flag of the Arab Revolt. While the colors of black, white, red, and green on the original Arab revolt flag symbolized historicalArab dynasties, namely theAbbasids,Umayyads,Hashemites, andIslam (or possibly theFatimids), respectively, the Arab Liberation Flag colors also had different meanings. The black stood for the experience of colonial oppression endured by Arabs, the red symbolized the sacrifices and bloodshed in the fight for liberation from colonial rule, and white signified peace and bright future envisioned for independent Arab states.[3]
The Arab Liberation Flag was often modified by states to include symbols such as theEagle of Saladin, as seen on the flag of Egypt, or green stars, as seen on the former flags ofNorth Yemen, Iraq and Syria. The Eagle of Saladin on the Egyptian flag represents republicanism, while the two green stars on the former Syrian flag used from 1980 to 2024 represented the two former constituents of the United Arab Republic: Egypt and Syria. To distinguish its flag from that of the United Arab Republic with two green stars, North Yemen used a single green star in the center.[4] The flag featuring three green stars, used by Iraq from 1963 to 2008 and by Syria from 1963 to 1972, symbolized aspirations for unity between Egypt, Syria, and Iraq, as well as the three core pillars of Ba'athism: unity, freedom, and socialism.[5]
The Arab Liberation Flag became a symbol ofrepublicanism andanti-imperialism within the context of theArab Cold War, as variousleft-wingArab socialist republics affiliated with eitherNasserism orBa'athism aligned themselves with these ideals, in contrast to the Arabmonarchies, which influential Egyptian presidentGamal Abdel Nasser portrayed as complicit in facilitatingWesternneo-colonial influence in the Arab world.[6]
The Arab Liberation Flag was first adopted by theEgyptian Free Officers as a result of the1952 Egyptian revolution led byArab nationalist officersMohammed Naguib andGamal Abdel Nasser, which resulted in the overthrow ofKing Farouk and the abolition of theEgyptian monarchy.[1] It was later adopted byBa'athist regimes following successful coups in bothIraq andSyria in 1963, as well as inYemen in 1962 andLibya in 1969 after revolutions and coups inspired or supported by theUnited Arab Republic.[1]
Libya ceased using the flag associated with theFederation of Arab Republics in 1977 as a result ofMuammar Gaddafi's decision to change Libya's official name to theSocialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and adopt a plain green flag.[7] As a result of thefall of the Assad regime following arebel offensive in 2024, the Syrian flag was changed back to the "independence flag," which theSyrian opposition used throughout theSyrian civil war, featuring a horizontal tricolor of green, white, and black, with three red five-pointed stars at the center.[8]
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