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| aptX | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Internet media type | audio/aptx |
| Developed by | Qualcomm[1][2] |
| Type of format | Audio codec |
aptX (apt stands foraudio processing technology[3]) is a family ofproprietaryaudio codec compression algorithms owned byQualcomm, with a heavy emphasis onwireless audio applications.
The original compression algorithm was developed in the 1980s by Dr. Stephen Smyth as part of hisPh.D. research atQueen's University Belfast School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.[4] Its design is based ontime domainADPCM principles withoutpsychoacousticauditory masking techniques.
The algorithm was then commercialized under the name aptX and first introduced to the commercial market as a semiconductor product, a custom programmedDSP integrated circuit with part name APTX100ED, which was initially adopted bybroadcast automation equipment manufacturers who required a means to store CD-quality audio on a computerhard disk drive for automaticplayout during a radio show, for example, hence replacing the task of thedisc jockey.
The company was bought bySolid State Logic ca. 1988, and became part ofCarlton Communications plc.[5] in 1989. In the early 1990s, APT's codecs were used to transfer audio viaISDN lines[6][7] by companies such asDisney to check dubbing done in Europe. On 23 December 1999,[8] Carlton Communications sold Solid State Logic to3i.[9][10] Then in 2005, Solid State Logic sold APT in a management buyout.[4][3] On 1 March 2005APT Licensing Ltd. was incorporated inBelfast (until 18 December 2008 namedAudio Processing Technology Holdings Limited).[11]
The range of aptX algorithms for real-time audio data compression expanded with intellectual property becoming available in the form of software, firmware and programmable hardware forprofessional audio, television and radiobroadcast, andconsumer electronics, especially applications in wireless audio, low latency wireless audio for gaming and video, andaudio over IP.[12] In addition, the aptX codec was introduced as an alternative toSBC, thesub-band coding scheme for lossy stereo/mono audio streaming mandated by theBluetooth SIG for the Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) ofBluetooth, the short-rangewireless personal area network standard. aptX is supported in high-performance Bluetooth peripherals.[13][14]
Today, standard aptX and Enhanced aptX (E-aptX) are used in both ISDN and IP audio codec hardware from numerous broadcast equipment makers. An addition to the aptX family in the form of aptX Live, offering up to 8:1 compression, was introduced in 2007;[15] and aptX HD, a lossy, but scalable, adaptive, "near-lossless" quality audio codec was announced in April 2009.[16]
The company split in 2009; the broadcast hardware business was acquired byAudemat and became part of what is nowWorldCast Systems, and the licensing business became APT Licensing and was acquired byCSR plc in 2010.[17] aptX was previously styledapt-X until acquired by CSR in 2010. CSR was subsequently acquired by Qualcomm in August 2015.[18]
| SBC (for reference) | aptX | aptX LL | aptX HD | aptX Adaptive | Audio CD (for reference) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| @ 279 kbit/s | @ 420 kbit/s | @ up to~1.2 Mbit/s | |||||||
| misc. | Launch | ? | < 2009[20] | 2012[21] | 2016[20] | 2018[20] | 2021[22] | 1980s | |
| Trademark | – | Qualcomm (until August 2015:CSR, until July 2010:APT Licensing Ltd., until March 2005:Solid State Logic) | – | ||||||
| Relatedpatents | EP 0400755B1 [23] (expired) | EP 0398973B1 [24] (revoked) | aptX, US 9398620B1 [25] (expired) | aptX | ? | – | |||
| Free implementations | FFmpeg, libsbc | FFmpeg, libopenaptx | FFmpeg, libopenaptx | FFmpeg, libopenaptx | N/A | – | |||
| Proprietary implementations | Multiple | Qualcomm libaptX[26] | None | Qualcomm libaptXHD[26] | ? | – | |||
| Chip | – | CSR8635 | CSR8670 | CSR8675 | QCC5100 | – | |||
| Audio encoding | Word depth | ? | 16-bit | 16-bit | 16-bit 24-bit | 24-bit | 16-bit | 16-bit | |
| Sampling rate | 44.1 kHz 48 kHz | 44.1 kHz 48 kHz | 44.1 kHz 48 kHz | 44.1 kHz 48 kHz | 44.1 kHz 48 kHz 96 kHz | 44.1 kHz | 44.1 kHz | ||
| Bit rate | 345 kbit/s(@ 48 kHz) | 352 kbit/s(@ 44.1 kHz) 384 kbit/s(@ 48 kHz) | 352 kbit/s(@ 48 kHz) | 576 kbit/s(24 bits @ 48 kHz) | 279 kbit/s | 420 kbit/s | ~140 kbit/s to 1.2 Mbit/s (content dependent) [27][22] | 1411 kbit/s(@ 44.1 kHz) | |
| Constant | Constant | Constant | Constant | Variable | Variable | Constant | |||
| Codec latency | ? | 1.8–2.0 ms | ? | 1.8–2.0 ms | 1.4–2.0 ms | ? | – | ||
| Hardware transmitterlatency | ? | ? | ≈ 40 ms[28] (using dedicated antenna) | ? | ≈ 80 ms[29] | ? | – | ||
| Software transmitterlatency(most phones) | 200–500 ms[30] depending on the transmitting device | – | |||||||
| Backwards compatible with | – | SBC [citation needed] | SBC, aptX | SBC, aptX | SBC, aptX, aptX HD | ? | ? | ||
| Sound quality | THD+N @ 1 kHz | −67 dB[31] or −85 dB?[19] | −85 dB | −80 dB[32] or −90 dB?[19] | −90 dB | −100 dB | −96 dB | −96 dB | |
| Multi-tone @ 1 kHz | −100 dB | ? | −100 dB | −90 dB | −100 dB | ? | |||
| Multi-tone @ 10 kHz | −65 dB | ? | −90 dB | −85 dB | −95 dB | ? | |||
| Crosstalk | −120 dB | ? | −155 dB | −90 dB | −200 dB | ? | |||
| SNR @ 1 kHz | 93 dB | 93 dB | 129 dB | 130 dB | 135 dB | −96 dB | −96 dB | ||
| PEAQ ODG | −0.18[31] or −0.08?[19] | ? | 0.05[32] or 0.04?[19] | −0.06 | 0.045 | ? | |||
| Frequency response overBluetooth | 20 Hz – 22.7 kHz | 20 Hz – 22.7 kHz | 20 Hz – 22.7 kHz | 20 Hz – 22.7 kHz | 20 Hz – 22 kHz | 20 Hz – 22 kHz | |||
The aptX audio codec is used for consumer and automotive wireless audio applications, notably the real-time streaming of lossy stereo audio over the BluetoothA2DP connection/pairing between a "source" device (such as a smartphone, tablet or laptop) and a "sink" accessory (e.g. a Bluetooth stereo speaker, headset or headphones). The technology must be incorporated in both transmitter and receiver to derive the sonic benefits of aptX audio coding over the default sub-band coding (SBC) mandated by the Bluetooth standard. Products bearing the CSR aptX logo are certified for interoperability with each other.[33]
Enhanced aptX provides coding at 4:1 compression ratios for professional audio broadcast applications and is suitable for AM, FM, DAB, HD Radio and 5.1. Enhanced aptX can handle up to 4 stereo pairs of AES3 audio and compress to 1 AES3 stream for transmit. Enhanced aptX supports bit-depths of 16, 20 or 24 bit. For audio sampled at 48 kHz, the bit-rate for E-aptX is 384 kbit/s (dual channel), 768 kbit/s (quad channel), 1024 kbit/s (5.1-channel), and 1280 kbit/s (5.1 channels plus stereo). Its lowest bit-rate is 60(?) kbit/s for mono audio sampled at 16 kHz, offering about 7.5 kHz frequency response just below that of wideband telephony codecs (which usually operate at 16 kHz sampling rate).[34]
aptX Live is a low-complexity audio codec that is specifically designed to maximize digitalwireless microphone channel density in bandwidth-constrained scenarios, such as live performance (a.k.a. Programme Making and Special Events), where the spectrum-efficiency of radio-based devices (wireless microphones, in-ear monitoring, talk-back systems) is becoming a prime operational consideration. aptX Live offers up to 8:1 compression of 24-bit resolution digital audio streams while maintaining acoustic integrity (approx. 120 dB dynamic range) and ensuring latency of around 1.8 ms at 48 kHz sampling rates. In addition, aptX Live also features techniques that aid connection in situations where thebit error rate (BER) is excessively high.
aptX LL oraptX Low Latency is intended for video and gaming applications requiring comfortable audio-video synchronization whenever the stereo audio is transmitted over short-range radio to the listener(s) using the BluetoothA2DP audio profile standard. The technology offers an end-to-end latency of 32 ms over Bluetooth. By comparison, the latency of standard Bluetooth stereo varies greatly depending on the system implementation and buffering. Solutions are available that use standard SBC encoding/decoding that achieve end-to-end latency of less than 40 ms. The recommended latency foraudio-to-video synchronization in broadcast television is within +40 ms and −60 ms (audio before/after video, respectively).[35] However, AptX Low Latency requires a dedicated, wireless antenna, so it did not achieve much adoption in smartphones and was retired by Qualcomm in favor of aptX Adaptive.[36][37] Its main competitor is theLLAC.
aptX HD oraptX High Definition has bit-rate of 576 kbit/s. It supports high-definition audio up to 48 kHz sampling rates and sample resolutions up to 24 bits. Unlike the name suggests, the codec is still considered lossy;[38] however, it permits a "hybrid" coding scheme for applications where average or peak compressed data rates must be capped at a constrained level. This involves the dynamic application of "near lossless" coding for those sections of audio where completely lossless coding is impossible due to bandwidth constraints. "Near lossless" coding maintains a high-definition audio quality, retaining audio frequencies up to 20 kHz and a dynamic range of at least 120 dB. Its main competitors areLDAC codec developed by Sony andLHDC.
Another scalable parameter within aptX HD is coding latency. It can be dynamically traded against other parameters such as levels of compression and computational complexity. The latency of the aptX HD codec can be scaled to as low as 1 ms for 48 kHz sampled audio, depending on the settings of other configurable parameters. aptX HD performs particularly well against other lossless codecs when the coding latency is constrained to be small, such as 5 ms or less, making it particularly appropriate for delay-sensitive interactive audio applications.
Many lossless codecs possess the benefit of a low computational overhead compared to well-known lossy codecs, such asMP3 andAAC. This is particularly important for deeply embedded audio applications running on low-power mobile devices. aptX HD promotes low computational overhead by dynamically selecting the simplest coding functions for each short segment of audio whilst complying with other operational constraints, such as levels of compression and coding delay. Depending on the settings of other scalable parameters, aptX HD can encode a 48 kHz 16-bit stereo audio stream using only 10MIPS on a modernRISCprocessor withsignal processing extensions. The corresponding decoder represents only 6 MIPS on the same platform.
User metadata and special synchronization data can be incorporated into the compressed format at configurable rates. The latter permits rapid decoder resynchronization in the event of data corruption or loss over communications links wherequality of service (QoS) can vary rapidly. Depending on the settings of parameters, decoder resynchronization can occur within 1–2 ms.[39][40]
aptX Adaptive is a next-generation dynamically adjustable audio codec intended for premium audio quality and low-latency. aptX Adaptive's bitrate scales dynamically between 279 kbit/s and 420 kbit/s. It also works with a shared, rather than dedicated, wireless antenna.[36] Qualcomm claims their new compression algorithm provides a compression ratio between 5:1 to 10:1. This allows aptX Adaptive at 279 kbit/s and 420 kbit/s to produce the same sound quality as aptX at 352 kbit/s and aptX HD at 576 kbit/s. aptX Adaptive supports 16 and 24 bit-depths at 44.1, 48, and 96 kHz sample rates. Actual 96 kHz support, however, is depending on actual product hardware implementation. For example, B&O H95 only support 48 kHz at max even with AptX Adaptive support. Hardware aptX Adaptive has end-to-end latency of 80 ms,[29] but most phones are using a software transmitter - which does not have any latency advantages over other codecs.[41] aptX Adaptive is also backward compatible with older aptX and aptX HD codecs, but not with aptX LL.[36][42][43][44]
aptX Voice is a new feature of aptX Adaptive, and is designed to significantly improve the quality of voice for those using Bluetooth accessories to make voice calls. It does this by delivering 32 kHz voice call quality within theBluetooth Hands-Free Profile.[45]
In 2021, Qualcomm announced aptX Lossless, described as a new capability of the aptX Adaptive codec aimed to deliver CD-quality, 16-bit, 44.1 kHz lossless audio over Bluetooth. aptX Lossless utilizes Qualcomm Bluetooth High Speed Link technology to scale up to about 1.2 Mbit/s in favorable RF environments.[22]
The example CD-quality 16-bit 44 kHz (up to 22 kHz signal bandwidth) stream is divided by two layers of 64-tap QMF (quadrature mirror filter) into four 16-bit subbands of 11 kHz (up to 5.5 kHz signal bandwidth each). The first 64-tap QMF divides into two bands (0–11 kHz and 11–22 kHz bands), and then each one is fed into another 64-tap QMF dividing into four bands: 0–5.5 kHz, 5.5–11 kHz, 11–16.5 kHz and 16.5–22 kHz. Reduced variance is generally expected to be found in higher bands compared to lower bands, thus ADPCM is employed to allocate bits optimally.
Each band is coded with ADPCM using bit allocation of 8 bits for band 1 (0–5.5 kHz spectrum), 4 bits for band 2 (5.5–11 kHz), 2 bits each for bands 3 and 4 (11–16.5 kHz and 16.5–22 kHz). A future modification is considered with adaptive bit reallocation based on variance analysis of each subband, for example 9, 2, 3, 2 etc.
As a result, for mono channel, 16 bits @ 44.1 kHz = 705.6 kbit/s input is converted into (4 × 16) 64 bits @ 11.025 kHz = 705.6 kbit/s and then to(8 + 4 + 2 + 2) 16 bits @ 11.025 kHz = 176.4 kbit/s.
Optionally (adds a small delay) a short-termRMSE analyzer is used to reduce dynamic range, and thus allocate bits more effectively during quiet passages (i.e. lossy format).
For a stereo signal, a standard PCM 1.4 Mbit/s stream is converted into 352 kbit/s aptX stream.
Details can be found in the EP0398973B1 patent.[46] The main reasoning is that signal variation is reduced at higher frequencies, which makes it amenable to coding with codecs like ADPCM.
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