| English feudalism |
|---|
 |
| Manorialism |
| Feudal land tenure in England |
| Feudal duties |
| Feudalism |
Anappanage, orapanage (/ˈæpənɪdʒ/;French:apanage[apanaʒ]ⓘ), is the grant of an estate, title, office or other thing of value to a younger child of amonarch, who would otherwise have noinheritance under the system ofprimogeniture (where only the eldest inherits). It was common in much ofEurope.
The system of appanage greatly influenced the territorial construction ofFrance and theGerman states and explains why many of the formerprovinces of France hadcoats of arms which weremodified versions of the king's arms.
Late Latin*appanaticum, fromappanare oradpanare 'to give bread' (panis), apars pro toto for food and other necessities, hence for a "subsistence" income, notably in kind, as from assigned land.
An appanage was a concession of afief by the sovereign to his younger sons, while the eldest son became king on the death of his father. Appanages were considered as part of the inheritance transmitted to thepuisné (younger sons).[note 1] The wordJuveigneur[note 2] was specifically used for the royal princes holding anappanage. These lands returned to theroyal domain (the territory directly controlled by the king) on the extinction of the princely line, and could not be sold (neither hypothetically nor as adowry). Daughters were initially able to inherit the appanages under theCapetian kings. However, under theHouse of Valois,Salic law was applied, which prohibited women from inheriting.
The system of appanage has played a particularly important role inFrance. It developed there with the extension of royal authority from the 13th century, then disappeared from thelate Middle Ages with the affirmation of the exclusive authority of the royal state. It strongly influenced the territorial construction, explaining the arms of several provinces. Theprerogative ofBurgundy is also the origin of theBelgian,Luxembourgeois andDutch states, through the action of itsdukes favored by their position in the court of thekings of France.
Primogeniture avoids territorial splintering, which the earlier Frankish tradition ofpartible inheritance (equal division) suffered from (e.g. under theMerovingians and subsequentCarolingians). But primogeniture creates resentment in younger sons who inherit nothing. Appanages thus were used to sweeten the bitter pill ofprimogeniture and deter revolt of younger sons by diverting their aspirations of claiming their eldest brother's throne.
Unlike their predecessors (the Carolingians), theCapetian dynasty's hold on the crown was initially tenuous. They could not afford to divide the kingdom among all their sons, and the royal domain was very small, initially consisting solely of theÎle-de-France. So the Capetians broke away from the Frankish custom of partible inheritance, to instead have the eldest son alone become King and receive the royal domain (except for any appanages). Most Capetians endeavored to add to the royal domain through incorporation of additional fiefs, large or small, and thus gradually obtained direct lordship over almost all of France.
Their first kingHugh Capet (electedKing of the Franks on the death ofLouis V in 987) only had one son,Robert II. But Robert had multiple sons. One of them,Henry I of France, became the first king to create an appanage in 1032, when he gave theDuchy of Burgundy to his younger brotherRobert I of Burgundy (whose descendants retained the duchy until 1361 with the extinction of the first CapetianHouse of Burgundy by the death ofPhilip de Rouvre).
Louis VIII andLouis IX also created appanages.
The king who created the most powerful appanages for his sons wasJohn II of France. His youngest son,Philip the Bold, founded the second Capetian House of Burgundy in 1363. By marrying the heiress of Flanders, Philip also became ruler of the Low Countries.
KingCharles V tried to abolish the appanage system, but in vain. Provinces conceded in appanage tended to becomede facto independent and the authority of the king was recognized there reluctantly. In particular the line ofValoisDukes of Burgundy caused considerable trouble to the French crown, with which they were often at war, often in open alliance with the English. Theoretically appanages could be reincorporated into the royal domain but only if the last lord had no male heirs. Kings tried as much as possible to rid themselves of the most powerful appanages.Louis XI retook the Duchy of Burgundy at the death of its last duke,Charles the Bold.Francis I confiscated theBourbonnais, after the treason in 1523 of his commander in chief,Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, the 'constable of Bourbon' (died 1527 in the service ofEmperor Charles V).
The first article of theEdict of Moulins (1566) declared that the royal domain (defined in the second article as all the land controlled by the crown for more than ten years) could not be alienated, except in two cases: by interlocking, in the case of financial emergency, with a perpetual option to repurchase the land; and to form an appanage, which must return to the crown in its original state on the extinction of the male line.[citation needed] Theapanagist (incumbent) therefore could not separate himself from his appanage in any way.
AfterCharles V of France, a clear distinction had to be made between titles given as names to children in France, and true appanages. At their birth the French princes received a title independent of an appanage. Thus, theDuke of Anjou, grandson ofLouis XIV, never possessed Anjou and never received any revenue from this province. The king waited until the prince had reached adulthood and was about to marry before endowing him with an appanage. The goal of the appanage was to provide him with a sufficient income to maintain his noble rank.
The fief given in appanage could be the same as the title given to the prince, but this was not necessarily the case.
Only seven appanages were given from 1515 to 1789.
Appanages were abolished in 1792 before the proclamation of theRepublic. The youngest princes from then on were to receive a grant of money but no territory.
Appanages were reestablished under the first French empire byNapoleon Bonaparte and confirmed by the Bourbon restoration-kingLouis XVIII. The last of the appanages, theOrléanais, was reincorporated to the French crown when the Duke of Orléans,Louis Philippe I, became king of the French in 1830.
The wordapanage is still used in French figuratively, in a non-historic sense: "to have appanage over something" is used, often in an ironic and negative sense, to claim exclusive possession over something. For example, "cows have appanage over prions".[citation needed]
Although Napoleon restored the idea of appanage in 1810 for his sons, none were ever granted, nor were any new appanages created by the restoration monarchs.
English and British monarchs frequently granted appanages to younger sons of the monarch. Most famously, the Houses ofYork andLancaster, whose feuding over the succession to theEnglish throne after the end of the main line of theHouse of Plantagenet caused theWars of the Roses, were both established when theDuchies of York andLancaster were given as appanages forEdmund of Langley andJohn of Gaunt respectively, two of the four younger sons of KingEdward III.
In modern times, theDuchy of Cornwall is the permanent statutory[1] appanage of the monarch's eldest son, intended to support him until such time as he inherits the Crown.[2] Other titles have continued to be granted to junior members of the royal family, but without associated grants of land directly connected with those titles, any territorial rights over the places named in the titles, or any income directly derived from those lands or places by virtue of those titles.[citation needed]
The defunctKingdom of Strathclyde was granted as an appanage to the futureDavid I of Scotland by his brother Edgar, King of Scots. Remnants of this can be found within the patrimony of thePrince of Scotland, currentlyPrince William, Duke of Rothesay.
In the onlycrusader state of equal rank in protocol to the states of Western Europe, theKingdom of Jerusalem, theCounty of Jaffa and Ascalon was often granted as an appanage.
With the installation of theHouse of Braganza on the Portuguese throne in 1640, an official appanage was created for the second eldest son of the monarch, theHouse of the Infantado. The Infantado included several land grants and palaces, along with a heightened royal pension.
The principalities ofEuropean Russia had a similar practice; an appanage given to a younger male of the princely family was calledudel principalities (appanage principalities,Russian:удельное княжество, seeru:Удельное княжество). The frequency and importance of the custom was particularly important between the mid-13th and the mid-15th centuries; some historians refer to this era as theAppanage Period orAppanage Russia.[3] The last appange Russian prince wasVladimir of Staritsa.[4]
In the late Russian Empire, appanages for members of the imperial family were created byEmperor Paul I in 1797. By decree of the emperor, the members of the imperial family who were in the line of succession of the throne receivedcivil list payments from state revenues; those not in the line of succession were given appanages from revenues of special estates called anudel estate (appanage estate,Russian:удельное имение, seeru:Удельное имение). Revenues of appanage estates were created by tribute of state (unlike private owned) peasants who lived on the territory of appanage estates and owned by the imperial family (seeru:Удельные крестьяне). Appanage estates were managed by theDepartment of Appanage Estates.
Inmedieval Serbia, an appanage was predominantly given to a younger brother of the supreme ruler, called aŽupa. Its use began in the 9th century and continued into the 14th century, with the fall of theSerbian Empire.
In theIndian subcontinent, thejagir (a type of fief) was often thus assigned to individual junior relatives of the ruling house of aprincely state, but not as a customary right of birth, though in practice usually hereditarily held, and not only to them but also to commoners, normally as an essentially meritocratic grant of land and taxation rights (guaranteeing a "fitting" income, in itself bringing social sway, in the primary way in a mainly agricultural society), or even as part of a deal.
The seniormost woman in theTravancore royal family held the estate ofAttingal, also known as the Sreepadam Estate, in appanage for life. All the income derived from this 15,000 acres (61 km2) estate was the private property of the senior maharani, alternatively known as the Senior Rani of Attingal (Attingal Mootha Thampuran).
The Javanese kingdom ofMajapahit, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided intonagara (provinces). The administration of thesenagara was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title ofBhre i.e.Bhra i, "lord of" (the wordbhra being akin to theThaiPhra), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example a sister of KingHayam Wuruk (r. 1350–1389) was"Bhre Lasem", "lady ofLasem".
The royal family of theMongol Empire owned the largest appanages in the world because of their enormous empire. In 1206,Genghis Khan awarded large tracts of land to his family members and loyal companions, most of whom were of common origin. Shares of loot were distributed much more widely. Empresses, princesses, and meritorious servants, as well as children of concubines, all received full shares including war prisoners.[5] For example, Kublai summoned two siege engineers from theIlkhanate, and after their success rewarded them with lands. After the Mongol conquest in 1238, the port cities inCrimea paidthe Jochids customs duties and the revenues were divided among all Chingisid princes in Mongol Empire in accordance with the appanage system.[6] As loyal allies, the Kublaids in East Asia and the Ilkhanids inPersia sent clerics, doctors, artisans, scholars, engineers and administrators to and received revenues from the appanages in each other's khanates.
TheGreat KhanMöngke divided up shares or appanages inPersia and made redistribution in Central Asia in 1251–1256.[7] Although theChagatai Khanate was the smallest in size, the Chagatai Khans held the cities ofKat andKhiva inKhorazm, and some cities and villages inShanxi andIran, as well as their nomadic grounds in Central Asia.[5] The firstIlkhan,Hulagu, owned 25,000 households of silk-workers in China, valleys inTibet, and lands in Mongolia.[5] In 1298, his descendantGhazan of Persia sent envoys with precious gifts to the Great KhanTemür, and asked for the share of lands and revenues held by his great-grandfather in the territories ruled by theYuan dynasty (in modern-day China and Mongolia). It is claimed[by whom?] that Ghazan received revenues that were not sent since the time of Möngke Khan.[8]
The appanage holders demanded excessive revenues and freed themselves from taxes. Ögedei decreed that nobles could appointdarughachi and judges in the appanages instead of direct distribution without the permission of the Great Khan, due toKhitan ministerYelü Chucai. BothGüyük and Möngke restricted the autonomy of the appanages, but Kublai Khan continued Ögedei's regulations. Ghazan also prohibited any misfeasance of appanage holders in the Ilkhanate, and Yuan councillor Temuder restricted Mongol nobles' excessive powers in appanages in China and Mongolia.[9][full citation needed] Kublai's successor Temür abolished imperial son-in-law KingChungnyeol of Goryeo's 358 departments which caused financial pressures to Korean people, though the Mongols gave them some autonomy.[10][full citation needed]
The appanage system was severely affected beginning with the civil strife in the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1304.[8][11] Nevertheless, this system survived. For example,Abagha of the Ilkhanate allowedMöngke Temür of theGolden Horde to collect revenues fromsilk workshops in northern Persia in 1270, andBaraq of theChagatai Khanate sent his Muslimvizier to the Ilkhanate in 1269, ostensibly to investigate his appanages there. (The vizier's real mission was to spy on the Ilkhanids.)[12][13] After a peace treaty declared among Mongol khans Temür,Duwa, Chapar,Tokhta andOljeitu in 1304, the system began to see a recovery. During the reign ofTugh Temür, the Yuan court received a third of revenues of the cities of Transoxiana (Mawarannahr) under Chagatai Khans while Chagatai elites such asEljigidey,Duwa Temür,Tarmashirin were given lavish presents and sharing in the Yuan Dynasty's patronage ofBuddhist temples.[14] Tugh Temür was also given some Russian captives by Chagatai princeChangshi as well as Kublai's future khatunChabi had servantAhmad Fanakati fromFergana Valley before her marriage.[15][16][full citation needed] In 1326, the Golden Horde started sending tributes to Great Khans of the Yuan Dynasty again. By 1339,Ozbeg and his successors had received annually 24 thousandding inpaper currency from their Chinese appanages in Shanxi,Cheli andHunan.[17] H. H. Howorth noted that Ozbeg's envoy required his master's shares from the Yuan court, the headquarters of the Mongol world, for the establishment of new post stations in 1336.[18] This communication ceased only with the breakup, succession struggles and rebellions of Mongol Khanates.[note 3]
After the fall of the Mongol Empire in 1368, the Mongols continued the tradition of appanage system. They were divided into districts ruled by hereditary noblemen. The units in such systems were calledTumen andOtog duringNorthern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia. However, theOirats called their appanage unitulus oranggi. Appanages were calledbanners (Khoshuu) under theQing dynasty.
