Apil-kin (𒀀𒉈𒄀a-pil-gin6; diedc. 2091 BC),[1] was a ruler of the city ofMari, northernMesopotamia, after the fall ofAkkad c. 2127-2091 BCE.[2] He was a son ofIshgum-Addu, and ruled 35 years, according to theShakkanakku Dynasty List.[3][4] He had two sons, who succeeded him in turn:Ili-Ishar andTura-Dagan.[5]
He held the title ofShakkanakku (military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned atMari in the late third millennium and early second millennium BCE. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings ofAkkad.[6] He was contemporary of theThird Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal.[7]
He was a contemporary ofUr-Nammu.[8] He had a daughter namedTaram-Uram, who became the First Queen of kingShulgi ofUr III.[9][10] In a dedication, she called herself "daughter-in-law ofUr-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin,Lugal ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari andUr.[11][12]
On some of his inscriptions, Apil-kin uses the titledannum' ("the Great") in front of his functionShakkanakku ("Military Governor"), a practice for which he is the first to be attested at Mari, and which was initially introduced byNaram-Sin of theAkkadian Empire.[13] Apil-kin and his successors generally used the Akkadian style of royal inscriptions and titulature.[14] It is considered that the Shakkanakkus gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-kin.[15]
One of the inscriptions of Apil-kin, inscribed on a bronze plaque, reads:
Apil-kin inscription (reconstitution, in standard Sumero-Akkadiancuneiform).[16]
𒀀𒉈𒄀 𒁕𒈝 𒄊𒀴 𒈠𒌷𒆠 𒁶 𒊓𒄷𒌷
a-pil-kin, da-num Shakkanakku ma-ri ki, DIM sa-ḫu-ri
"Apil-kin, the Great Shakkanakku of Mari, built theSahuri"
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.
^CIVIL, Michel (1962). "Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur".Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale.56 (4): 213.ISSN0373-6032.JSTOR23295098.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 649.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.
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