Anyang 安阳市 | |
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 Location of Anyang City jurisdiction in Henan | |
  Anyang Anyang (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Anyang municipal government):36°05′56″N114°23′31″E / 36.099°N 114.392°E /36.099; 114.392 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Henan |
| Municipal seat | Wenfeng District |
| Area | |
| 7,355 km2 (2,840 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 543.5 km2 (209.8 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,392 km2 (924 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 69 m (226 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[2] | |
| 5,477,614 | |
| • Density | 740/km2 (1,900/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,398,887 |
| • Urban density | 2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,675,523 |
| • Metro density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| GDP[3][4] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 203.0 billion US$ 30.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 39,603 US$ 5,962 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal Code | 455000,456100,456300,456400,456500 |
| Area code | 0372 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HA-05 |
| MajorNationalities | Han |
| County-level divisions | 9 |
| License plate prefixes | 豫E |
| Website | www |
Anyang (simplified Chinese:安阳;traditional Chinese:安陽;[án.jǎŋ]) is aprefecture-level city inHenan, China. Geographical coordinates are 35° 41'~ 36° 21' north latitude and 113° 38'~ 114° 59' east longitude.[5] The northernmost city in Henan, Anyang bordersPuyang to the east,Hebi andXinxiang to the south, and the provinces ofShanxi andHebei to its west and north respectively. Anyang had a total population of 5,477,614 as of the2020 census, 2,675,523 of whom lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of four urban districts and Anyang and Tangyin counties, now largely agglomerated with the city proper.
Anyang is the location of the ancient city ofYin, which was the capital of theShang dynasty and the first stable capital of China. As the ancient capital of the Seven Dynasties and one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, Anyang is rich in historical and cultural resources and has a number of world-class and national historical sites. At the end of 1986, it was recognized as a national historical and cultural city.[6]
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Xiaonanhai, on the far western edge of the city, was home to prehistoric cavemen during theStone Age. Over 7,000 artifacts (including stone tools and animal bone fossils) have been unearthed here, representing what has been dubbed the Xiaonanhai culture.[7][citation needed]
Around 2000 BC, the legendary sage-kingsZhuanxu andEmperor Ku are said to have established theircapitals in the area around modern Anyang from where they ruled their kingdoms. Today their mausoleums are situated in Sanyang village south of Neihuang County.[citation needed]
At the beginning of the 14th century BC, KingPangeng of theShang dynasty established his capital 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the modern city on the banks of theHuan River.[8] The city, known asYin, was the first stable capital in Chinese history and from that point on the dynasty that founded it would also become known as theYin dynasty.[9]
The capital served 12 kings in 8 generations includingWu Ding, under whom the dynasty reached the zenith of its power, until it was wiped out along with the dynasty that was founded byKing Wu of theZhou in 1046 BC.
Anyang was made thecounty seat ofAnyang Countyc. 607 CE and it has held that position ever since.[10]: 46
Anyang's Tangyin County[11] was the ancient seat of Yue Village, the birthplace of the famousSong dynasty general,Yue Fei. This was also the historic home ofZhou Tong, Yue's military arts tutor (though fictional sources place him inShaanxi).
The town was known asZhangde (彰德) until 1912, when it was given its present name of Anyang,[12] following the establishment of theRepublic of China.
In August 1949, Anyangprefecture was detached from Henan and – along withPuyang andXinxiang – consigned to the short lived experimental province ofPingyuan by the rulingCommunist government. All three were eventually returned to Henan's territory in November 1953, with the dissolution of Pingyuan.
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Anyang spans a total area of 7,355 square kilometres (2,840 sq mi). The city's elevation is generally higher in the west, with the foothills of theTaihang Mountains running through the area, and lower in the east, which comprises part of theNorth China Plain.[13]
Anyang has a four-season,monsoon-influencedhumid continental climate/semi-arid climate (KöppenDwa/BSk).[14] Winters are cold and very dry, with a January 24-hour average of −0.8 °C (30.6 °F). Summers are hot and humid, with July averaging 27.2 °C (81.0 °F). A majority of the annual precipitation of 552 mm (21.7 in) falls in July and August alone, and the annual mean temperature is 14.28 °C (57.7 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 43% in July to 58% in May, the city receives 2,225 hours of bright sunshine annually, with April to June the sunniest period. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −21.7 °C (−7 °F) to 43.2 °C (110 °F).[15][16] There are more northerly winds in winter, while southerly winds dominate in summer.[17]
| Climate data for Anyang, elevation 63 m (207 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) | 27.2 (81.0) | 31.3 (88.3) | 37.0 (98.6) | 39.5 (103.1) | 43.2 (109.8) | 41.8 (107.2) | 39.5 (103.1) | 39.3 (102.7) | 34.6 (94.3) | 27.7 (81.9) | 26.3 (79.3) | 43.2 (109.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) | 8.8 (47.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 26.9 (80.4) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 26.9 (80.4) | 21.5 (70.7) | 12.9 (55.2) | 6.0 (42.8) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) | 3.0 (37.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 15.4 (59.7) | 21.1 (70.0) | 26.2 (79.2) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.7 (78.3) | 21.2 (70.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 0.7 (33.3) | 14.2 (57.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) | −1.7 (28.9) | 3.3 (37.9) | 9.7 (49.5) | 15.4 (59.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 16.6 (61.9) | 10.2 (50.4) | 2.4 (36.3) | −3.3 (26.1) | 9.4 (48.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.7 (−7.1) | −16.7 (1.9) | −10.1 (13.8) | −2.7 (27.1) | 5.5 (41.9) | 10.2 (50.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | −1.4 (29.5) | −11.4 (11.5) | −18.1 (−0.6) | −21.7 (−7.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 5.2 (0.20) | 8.8 (0.35) | 15.4 (0.61) | 26.0 (1.02) | 40.2 (1.58) | 59.9 (2.36) | 162.2 (6.39) | 118.5 (4.67) | 59.9 (2.36) | 27.2 (1.07) | 18.9 (0.74) | 5.6 (0.22) | 547.8 (21.57) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 11.2 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 69.1 |
| Average snowy days | 3.4 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 12.8 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 61 | 58 | 57 | 60 | 64 | 61 | 77 | 80 | 74 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 66 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 111.0 | 130.4 | 174.9 | 207.7 | 227.8 | 204.7 | 168.9 | 174.8 | 157.8 | 156.0 | 133.9 | 113.1 | 1,961 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 36 | 42 | 47 | 53 | 52 | 47 | 38 | 42 | 43 | 45 | 44 | 38 | 44 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[18][19][20] | |||||||||||||
Theprefecture-level city of Anyang administers 10 county-level administrative divisions, including 4districts, 1county-level city, and 4counties.[13] These, in turn, administer 46subdistricts, 66towns, and 23townships, which then administer 302residential communities and 2,979administrative villages.[13]
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Per the2020 Chinese Census, Anyang has a population of 5.48 million people.[13] The overwhelming majority of the city's population is ethnicallyHan Chinese, withethnic minorities constituting a population of around 10,000 people.[13] 43 different ethnic minorities live in the city, with prominent ethnic minority communities including theHui,Mongols,Manchus,Zhuang,Miao,Tibetans, and theYi.[13]
Anyang is a largely industrial city, with major industries including the production of metals such asiron andsteel,coal coking, andclothing production.[21] Major Chinese steel producerShagang Group has operations in Anyang.[21] Major mineral reserves in Anyang includedolomite,potassium-bearingshale,nepheline syenite,quartzite,limestone, andclay.[13]
The city's totalgross domestic product (GDP) totaled 243.55 billionrenminbi (RMB) as of 2021, a 5% increase from the prior year.[22] Anyang'sprimary sector comprised 9.7% of the city's GDP, thesecondary sector comprised 43.7%, and thetertiary sector comprised 46.6%.[22]
Theper capitadisposable income in Anyang totaled 27,365 RMB as of 2021, an increase of 7.2% from 2020.[22] The per capita disposable income of Anyang'surban residents was 37,464 RMB, a 6% annual increase, and the per capita disposable income ofrural residents was 18,424 RMB, an 8.4% annual increase.[22]
Sixteen foreign-funded enterprises (joint ventures,cooperative enterprises, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises) have been established in Anyang.[citation needed] Recently, Anyang has established an economic and technological development zone covering a total area of 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi), and issued a series of preferential policies to attract many domestic Chinese and foreign businesses.[citation needed]
TheAnyang Hongqiqu Airport opened on November 29, 2023.[23] Anyang Hongqiqu Airport is located in the junction area of Anyang, Puyang and Hebi cities, covering an area of approximately 2,339 acres. The total project investment is 1.366 billion yuan. It is positioned as a domestic civil regional airport with a flight area level of 4C.[24] The opening of the airport will directly serve the air travel of 11.6 million people in the three cities in northern Henan, and radiate about 60 million people within 150 kilometers of eastern Shanxi, southern Hebei and southwestern Shandong.[24]
Anyang city is an ancient city with a history of over 3,000 years and is one of theEight Ancient Capitals of China, and also one of the best preserved. It is one of the key birthplaces of Chinese ancient culture. At the same time, it is a national historical and cultural city, the hometown of Oracle, the birthplace of the Book of Changes, the birthplace of the spirit of the Red Flag Canal, and the location of the world cultural heritage Yin Ruins, Cao Cao's Gaoling, and the Museum of Chinese Characters.[25] Here are the primitive caves of 25,000 years ago, the overlappingstrata of theYangshao Culture,Longshan Culture and Xiaotun Culture, the memorial mausoleums of ancient EmperorZhuanxu andEmperor Ku over 4,000 years ago, the first library ofinscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, the Soul Spring Temple, known as the "First Ancient Buddhist Temple in Henan", and 10,000-Buddha Ravine, as well as unique Wenfeng Pagoda, Xiuding Temple Pagoda and Mingfu Temple Pagoda. The city has three large museums: the Anyang Museum, the National Museum of Chinese Writing, and the Yinxu Museum on the ruins and royal tombs of the Shang dynasty. Anyang also has beautiful natural scenery—the Taihang Linlu Hill Scenic Area on the 400-kmTaihang Mountains and the grand 1,500-kmRed Flag Canal.
Changchun Temple, a Taoist shrine, was built on the hillside of the mountains surrounding it during theTang dynasty. It was officially opened to the public on 1 May 2014, after a period of cautious restoration.
Tianning Si (Mansion Temple) was established during theTang dynasty, and has recently been restored by the Protection and Research Institute of Ancient Architecture of Anyang City, and opened to the public. The main structures within the temple compound include: the gate house, the three-room (8.4 m x 14 m) Hall of the Heavenly King with hanging-eaves over the gables rebuilt in 2002,[26] the slightly larger Precious Hall of the Great Hero (17.8 m x 11.65 m) with single-eave gabled roof originally from theQing dynasty and rebuilt in 2001,[27] and theWenfeng Pagoda.
Wenfeng Ta (Literature Peak Pagoda) on the grounds of theTianning Temple is believed to have been constructed in 925 and is known, from inscriptions concerning the reconstruction of the temple, to have been in place by 952. The current pagoda was constructed during theMing dynasty and received its current name during theQing dynasty due to its proximity to the Confucian temple. The five-story dark red brick octagonal tower is 38.65m high and is, unusually, larger at the top than the bottom and is topped with a 10-metre Lamaist stupa-style dagoba steeple. The pagoda stands on a two-metre-high stone pedestal and is decorated with multi-eave pent roofs and carvings of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. The unique pagoda is the symbol of Anyang.[citation needed]
Located about 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Anyang are the ruins of theShang dynasty capital known asYin. This massive archaeological site was discovered in 1899, excavated in the decades that followed, and first opened to the public in the 1980s as the Garden Museum of Yinxu. The current Yinxu museum was opened on 16 March 2005, and includes the famousTomb of Fu Hao.
The site was later designated aUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites in 2006.
The Hall, an architecture of hanging-eaves over the gables, has a space of 3 rooms with a length of 14m, a width of 8.4m and a height of 9.6m. It was designed and rebuilt on the site by the Protection and Research Institute of Ancient Architecture of Anyang City in 2002.
The Precious Hall of the Great Hero, Tianning Temple, The Precious Hall of the Great Hero, as architecture of single-eave and gabled roof, is 11.65 m long and 17.8 m wide. Rebuilt in the 25th year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, it was thoroughly restored by the Protection and Research Institute of Ancient Architecture of Anyang City in 2001.
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