| Anushtegin dynasty خاندان انوشتکین, Khānedāne Ānushtegin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent house | Begdili[1] orQangli or other[2] |
| Country | |
| Current region | Central Asia Iran Afghanistan Egypt |
| Founded | 1077 |
| Founder | Anushtegin Gharchai |
| Final ruler | Saif ad-Din Qutuz[3] |
| Titles | |
| Traditions | Sunni Islam (Hanafi) |
| Dissolution | 1260 |
| Deposition |
|
TheAnushtegin dynasty orAnushteginids (English:/ænuʃtəˈɡinid/,Persian:خاندان انوشتکین), also known as theKhwarazmian dynasty (Persian:خوارزمشاهیان) was aSunniMuslim dynasty ofTurkicmamluk origin from theBekdili clan of theOghuz Turks.[4][5][6][7][8] The Anushteginid dynasty ruled theKhwarazmian Empire, consisting in large parts of present-dayCentral Asia,Afghanistan andIran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first asvassals of theSeljuks[9] and theQara Khitai (Western Liao),[10] and later[when?] as independent rulers, up until theMongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century.
The dynasty was founded by commanderAnushtegin Gharchai, a formerTurkic slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor ofKhwarazm. His son,Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditaryShah ofKhwarazm.[11]Anush Tigin may have belonged to either theBegdili tribe of theOghuz Turks[1] or toChigil,Khalaj,Qipchaq,Qangly, orUyghurs.[2]
The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murderedAbu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of theGhaznavid sultanMahmud.[12] In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and theribat of Farawa.[13] As a result,Khwarezm became a province of theGhaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to theSeljuqs, fell into the hands ofAnush Tigin Gharchai, a formerTurkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq SultanAhmed Sanjar was defeated by theQara Khitai at thebattle of Qatwan, and Anush Tigin's grandsonAla ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal toYelü Dashi of theQara Khitan.[14]
Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire,Toghrul III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm rulerAla ad-Din Tekish, who conquered parts ofKhorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son,Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who initiated a conflict with theGhurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204).[15] Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, theQara Khitai who sent him an army.[16] With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over theGhurids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm.[citation needed]
Ala ad-Din Muhammad's alliance with his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of theKara-Khanids, and defeated a Qara-Khitai army atTalas (1210),[17] but allowedSamarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Qara-Khitai.[18] He overthrew theKarakhanids (1212)[19] andGhurids (1215). In 1212, he shifted his capital fromGurganj toSamarkand. Thus incorporating nearly the whole ofTransoxania[citation needed] and present-dayAfghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from theSyr Darya to theZagros Mountains, and from the northern parts of theHindu Kush to theCaspian Sea. By 1218, the empire had a population of 5 million people.[20]
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Shihna | Anushtegin Gharchai نوشتکین غرچه | 1077/1097 C.E. |
| Shihna | Ekinchi ibn Qochqar ایکینچی بن قوچار | 1097 C.E. |
| Shah شاہ Qutb ad-Din Abul-Fath قطب الدین ابو الفتح | Arslan Tigin Muhammad ibn Anush Tigin ارسلان طگین محمد ابن أنوش طگین | 1097–1127/28 C.E. |
| Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر | Qizil Arslan Atsiz ibn Muhammad قزل ارسلان أتسز بن محمد | 1127–1156 C.E. |
| Shah شاہ Taj al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath تاج الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح | Il-Arslan ibn Qizil Arslan Atsiz ایل ارسلان بن قزل ارسلان أتسز | 1156–1172 C.E. |
| Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر | Tekish ibn Il-Arslan تکش بن ایل ارسلان | 1172–1200 C.E. |
| Shah شاہ Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Qasim جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو القاسم | Mahmud Sultan Shah ibn Il-Arslan محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلان Initially under regency ofTurkan Khatun, his mother. He was a younger half-brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan | 1172–1193 C.E. |
| Shah شاہ Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح | Muhammad ibn Tekish محمد بن تکش | 1200–1220 C.E. |
| Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر | Jalal al-Din Mangburni مِنکُبِرنی ابن محمد | 1220–1231 C.E. |
Anushtiginid dynasty family tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Similarly, the most distant ancestor of SultanMuhammad Khwarazmshah wasNushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Iran topics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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