| Firewood-gatherer | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Anumbius d'Orbigny &Lafresnaye, 1838 |
| Species: | A. annumbi |
| Binomial name | |
| Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) | |
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Thefirewood-gatherer (Anumbius annumbi) is a species ofbird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbirdfamilyFurnariidae.[2] It is found inArgentina,Brazil,Paraguay, andUruguay.[3]
The firewood-gatherer is genetically most closely related to thelark-like brushrunner (Coryphistera alaudina), and they may besister species.[4][5][6] The firewood-gatherer is the only member of its genus and ismonotypic: nosubspecies are recognized.[2]
The firewood-gatherer is 18 to 20 cm (7.1 to 7.9 in) long and weighs 27 to 45 g (0.95 to 1.6 oz). It is an unusualfurnariid that somewhat resembles apipit. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a wide whitishsupercilium and a medium brownish stripe behind the eye on an otherwise light brownish to grayish brown face. Their forehead is dull rufous and their crown dull brown or sandy brown. Their back is dull brown, their rump dull pale brown, and their uppertailcoverts dark brownish with lighter brownish edges. Their crown has narrow blackish streaks that almost disappear on the hindneck and upper back but then become longer and wider on the lower back. Their wings are mostly dull brown with some darker centers on the coverts and darker tips on the flight feathers. Their tail's central pair of feathers are pointed and dark brownish; the rest are less pointed and blackish brown with varying amounts of white near their ends. Their throat is white with a line of black speckles on its side. Their upper breast is a slightly reddish light brown and whitish buff with blurry streaks that fade by the pale buffy belly and undertail coverts. Their flanks are darker sandy brown. Their iris is brown to reddish, theirmaxilla dull brownish, theirmandible gray to light gray with a dark tip, and their legs and feet gray to greenish gray to creamy gray. Juveniles have no rufous on their forehead, an ochraceous throat, and less distinct streaks on the upperparts and darker underparts than adults.[7][8][9]
The firewood-gatherer is found in Brazil fromGoiás andMinas Gerais south throughRio Grande do Sul, central and eastern Paraguay, essentially all of Uruguay, and northern Argentina fromFormosa andMisiones provinces south toRío Negro Province. It inhabits a wide variety of open landscapes including seasonally wet and other grasslands, pastures and agricultural fields, savanna, scrublands, the edges of open woodlands, and stands of trees near farmhouses. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[7][8][9]
The firewood-gatherer is a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]
The firewood-gatherer feeds on adult and larvalarthropods and seeds. It usually forages in pairs and sometimes in ll groups that may include nest helpers. It gleans on the ground and in low vegetation.[7]
The firewood-gatherer breeds in theaustral spring and summer, roughly September to February. It often has two broods in a season, and the young of the first often help with nest-building for the second. It is thought to be monogamous. It builds a very large nest for a smallish bird, weaving thorny twigs into a cylinder that is usually up to 110 cm (43 in) high and 40 cm (16 in) wide, though nests double this size are known. It has an entrance hole near the top leading through a winding tunnel to the nest chamber; the chamber is lined with plant fibers, feathers, and other soft material. The nest is often placed conspicuously in an isolated tree, on the crossbar of a utility pole, or on another exposed substrate. It is usually within 4 m (13 ft) of the ground but can be up as high as 24 m (79 ft). Nests are sometimes reused. The clutch size is usually three to five eggs. The incubation period is about 16 days and fledging occurs about 17 or 18 days after hatch.[7][10]: 356 [11]
| Songs and calls |
One description of the firewood-gatherer's song is a "strong, very high series of 2-3 hurried, staccato notes, followed by [a] short, slightly descending rattle, like 'djip-djip-drrrr' ".[8] Another is "a fast, rough, bubbly, accelerating, descending series of trilled notes ending with lower-pitched rattle, 'chit, chit, chit, che-che-che-che-ee-ee-ee-ee-eu' ".[7] Both members of a pair often sing in duet.[7][11][9] The species' call is "a sharp 'stchick' ".[7]
TheIUCN has assessed the firewood-gatherer as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be increasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered uncommon to locally common and occurs in several protected areas. It "[t]olerates at least moderate grazing and other anthropogenic disturbance [and] presumably benefits to a degree from deforestation".[7]
