Antonio Ludovic Neri | |
|---|---|
 Medallion honoring Antonio Neri | |
| Born | (1576-02-29)29 February 1576 Florence, Italy |
| Died | 1614 (aged 37–38) unknown location |
| Occupation(s) | Priest Chemist Glassmaker |
| Parent(s) | Jacopo Neri and Dianora Neri (née dei Parenti) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Science of Glassmaking |
| Notable works | Author of "The Art of Glass" |
Antonio Neri (29 February 1576,Florence – 1614) was aFlorentinepriest who published the bookL’Arte Vetraria orThe Art of Glass in 1612. This book was the first generaltreatise on thesystematics ofglassmaking.[1]
Neri's father was aphysician. Neri entered thepriesthood in 1601. He then became a member of the household of Alamanno Bertolini where he met the chemist Sir Emmanuel Ximenes, who introduced Neri to the fundamentals of glassmaking.[1] Bertolini was a member of the Medici royal family, and his household in Florence was known as Casino di San Marco. Various glassmakers visited the Bartolini household from time-to-time, giving Neri ample opportunity to learn glassmaking and to eventually develop improvedformulations.[2][3]: 26
In one account, he is known as Antonio Lodovico Neri.[3]: 32
Prior to Neri's time, glassmaking was part of the field ofalchemy, and Neri had a background in alchemy. Through his efforts and those of glassmaking contemporaries of Neri, glassmaking began to evolve into a systematic scientific endeavour.[3]: 25–6 An example is that Neri recognized that the red colour in the red glass called "crocus martis" is due to oxidized iron.[3]: 12
Neri travelled extensively in Italy,Antwerp, andHolland. Much of his time in Antwerp was spent with chemist Sir Emmanuel Ximenes from whom Neri learned much of the basic chemistry of glassmaking. Neri also worked in the glasshouses belonging to theMedici family in Florence and in Pisa. These experiences significantly deepened his knowledge of glassmaking and its underlyingchemistry. Neri's other endeavours includedherbalism andalchemy, in addition to glassmaking.[1][4]
Much of what is known about Neri's life is based on correspondence between Neri and Ximenes in addition to research conducted byMuranese glass historianLuigi Zecchin during the 1960s. An annotated bibliography of written works by Neri has been published.[5] Much of the correspondence between Neri and Ximenes is preserved at theBiblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze.[3]: 32
Between 1598 and 1600, Neri published his first compilation on glassmaking,Il Tesoro del Mondo, which included some basic information on equipment and raw materials for glassmaking. He was, at the same time, conducting his own experimentation on glassmaking in the household of his Medici family patron in Florence. Following the publication ofIl Tesoro del Mondo, Neri began his travels to Antwerp and Pisa, during which time he interacted more frequently with Ximenes. He returned to Florence in 1611, publishingL'Arte Vetraria the following year.[3]: 32
In 1612, Neri published a seven-volume treatise,L' Arte Vetraria, that was a significant step toward systematizing the preparation of glass. The title of the book translates to English asThe Art of Glass. The first volume describes the materials, mixing, and melting of the ingredients to produce crystals and colorless glass. Subsequent volumes describe colored glasses, leaded glass, artificial gemstones, enamels, and glass paints. The treatise includes many glass formulations that were devised by Neri by improving on formulations that he became aware of through his work in the Medici court, through his interactions with Ximenez, and likely other sources.[1][2]
The contents ofL'Arte Vetraria volume-by-volume are:[5]
L'Arte Vetraria went through three editions up until 1817. By 1752, it had been translated into Dutch, French, and English.[4]
While Neri's contemporary Galileo Galilei made note ofL'Arte Vetraria, more widespread recognition of the treatise came later. In 1662, British physician and scientist Christopher Merret published an English translation ofL'Arte Vetraria, which included extensive annotations by Merret. Subsequent translations were usually based on Merret's version of Neri's treatise. By 1900, there were an estimated two dozen translations based on Merret's version or on Neri's original version. TheL'Arte Vetraria was a standard reference book among glassmakers up until approximately 1900 and served to enhance the ability of glassmakers to improve upon prior glassmaking processes.[1][2]
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