Antique | |
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_-_Flickr.jpg)     (from top: left to right)Tibiao Rice Terraces,Mount Madja-as,Mararison Island, old cemetery chapel inHamtic, andAnini-y Church. | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname: The Land Where The Mountains Meet The Sea | |
 Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:11°10′00″N122°05′00″E / 11.16667°N 122.08333°E /11.16667; 122.08333 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Western Visayas |
| Malayan Settlement | 13th Century (asHamtik) |
| Spanish Settlement | 1569 (Hantíque, later on became Antíque)[1] |
| Politico-Military Province | 1790 |
| Founded | March 10, 1917[2] |
| Capital and largest municipality | San Jose de Buenavista |
| Government | |
| • Type | Sangguniang Panlalawigan |
| • Governor | Paolo Everardo S. Javier (Aksyon) |
| • Vice Governor | Genevive L. Reyes (NUP) |
| • Legislature | Antique Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,729.17 km2 (1,053.74 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 49th out of 81 |
| Highest elevation | 2,117 m (6,946 ft) |
| Population (2024 census)[4] | |
• Total | 643,173 |
| • Rank | 52nd out of 81 |
| • Density | 235.666/km2 (610.373/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 44th out of 81 |
| Demonym | Antiqueño |
| Divisions | |
| • Independent cities | 0 |
| • Component cities | 0 |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays | 590 |
| • Districts | Legislative district of Antique |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PHT) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)36 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-ANT |
| HDI |  0.640 (Medium) |
| HDI rank | 35th in Philippines (2019) |
| Spoken languages | |
| GDP (2022) | ₱70.69 billion $1.205 billion[5] |
| Growth rate | 8.7% |
| Website | antique |
Antique ([ɐnˈtike]), officially theProvince of Antique,[a] is aprovince in thePhilippines located in theWestern Visayasregion. Its capital and most populous town isSan Jose de Buenavista. The province is situated in the western section ofPanay Island and bordersAklan,Capiz, andIloilo to the east, while facing theSulu Sea to the west.
The province is home to the indigenous Iraynun-Bukidnon, speakers of a dialect of the Kinaray-a language, who have crafted the only rice terrace clusters in theVisayas through indigenous knowledge and sheer vernacular capabilities. The rice terraces of the Iraynun-Bukidnon are divided into four terraced fields, namely, General Fullon rice terraces, Lublub rice terraces, Bakiang rice terraces, and San Agustin rice terraces. All of the rice terrace clusters have been researched by theNational Commission for Culture and the Arts and various scholars from theUniversity of the Philippines. There have been campaigns to nominate the Iraynun-Bukidnon Rice Terraces, along with theCentral Panay Mountain Range, into theUNESCOWorld Heritage List.[6]
Antique was one of the threesakups (districts) ofPanay beforeSpanish colonizers arrived on the islands. The province was known at that time asHantík, the local name for the largeblack ants found on the island.[7] The Spanishchroniclers, influenced by the French, recorded the region's name asHantique (with the silent 'h'), but this was only adopted in areas near Malandog River in presentHamtic town which then became the provincial capital (shortly before Bugason and San Jose). The province bearing its former capital's name is spelled and pronounced as "Antique" (än-ti-ké), without 'h' and pronounced in (Kinaray-a) dialectic way.
Historians believe that the earliest people who settled on the island of Panay were tribalNegritos orAtis.Oral history, relayed as the "Maragtas", states that ten "datus" or minor tribalMalay chieftains escaped persecution from a city called Odtojan fromBorneo due to a tyrant ruler called Makatunaw.[8] The ten datus, led by Datu Puti, sailed northward with their families and communities, landing on Panay after departing Borneo.[9] The authenticity of this narrative is disputed but nonetheless continues to be a part of the local history of the people of Antique.
According to the Maragtas, the Bornean datus upon arrival met with the Ati chieftain Datu Marikudo and his wife Maniwantiwan. They offered the chieftain asalakot (wide-brimmed hat)[10] (believed to be of pure gold by present-day locals) as well as a golden necklace, earrings, bracelets and trinkets they wore when they fled Borneo. The gifts also include pearls and fine clothes as a show of respect to the indigenous people. Datu Marikudo responded to the datus' generosity by giving them the lowlands and moving to the mountains with his Ati tribe as the mountains are sacred to them. The legendary arrival of Bornean boats at the shores of Antique is commemorated annually in theBinirayan festival.[11]
The island of Panay was then divided into threesakups: Hantik, Akean and Irong-Irong. Irong-Irong becameIloilo, Akean became the present-dayAklan andCapiz, and Hantik (also called Hamtik or Hamtic) became Antique. Hantik was named for the large black ants found on the island called "hantik-hantik".[12]
During theSpanish colonial period, the coastal province was vulnerable to attacks byMoro raiders. Under the direction of the Spanish friars, a series ofwatchtowers, like the 'Old Watchtower' inLibertad and Estaca Hill inBugasong, were built to guard Antique.
In 1790, Antique was converted into a politico-military province with the town of Antique (nowHamtic) as its first capital. The provincial seat of government was later transferred to Bugasón (old name ofBugasong), and finally toSan Jose de Buenavista.[13] By the end of the 1700s, Antique had 9,228 families.[14]: 539 [15]: 31, 54, 113
In 1942, theImperial Japanese Army landed in Antique and occupied the province during theSecond World War.[further explanation needed]
During the Japanese Insurgencies and Occupation (1942–1944), the military general headquarters and camp bases of the 6th and 62nd Infantry Division of thePhilippine Commonwealth Army was active from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the military general headquarters and camp bases of the 6th Constabulary Regiment of thePhilippine Constabulary was re-activated between October 28, 1944, and June 30, 1946.[clarification needed] Additionally, during the implementation of the anti-imperial Japanese military operations on Panay Island between 1942 and 1945 in the Antique province, Filipino military forces aided the local guerrilla resistance against the Imperial Japanese Army.[further explanation needed]
Between 1944 and 1945, Philippine Commonwealth forces of the 6th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the 6th and 62nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army defeated the Japanese troops and liberated the province.[further explanation needed] The liberation was achieved with the active support of recognized local guerrillas.
The beginning months of the 1970s had marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Antique.[16][17] During hisbid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[18][19] the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn known as the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[20][21][22][23]: "43" With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines underMartial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[24] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record ofhuman rights abuses,[25][26] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[27].
One of the significant events of the Philippines's Martial Law era was theBacong Bridge Massacre, which took place in the town ofCulasi, Antique on December 19, 1981.[28] Sometimes also known as the Culasi incident, it involved thePhilippine Constabulary killing 5 protester-farmers at the Bacong River bridge in Culasi's Barangay Malacañang. The victims were identified as Leopoldo A. Anos, Aquilino M. Castillo, Fortunato M. Dalisay, Remegildo P. Dalisay, and Joel B. Plaquino, and were later honored at the Philippines'Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which recognizes the heroes and martyrs who fought the authoritarian regime.[29]
In 2014, the first ever Philippine rice terraces found outside the Cordilleras was discovered in Antique through satellite and a team of scientists and locals. The heritage site, known as theAntique Rice Terraces of the Panay-Bukidnon people, is believed to be at least 200 years old. In 2017, the province hosted thePalarong Pambansa for the very first time.
Antique is one of the six provinces comprisingWestern Visayas or Region VI, and one of the four provinces on the island ofPanay.
The province, with a total land area of 2,729.17 square kilometres (1,053.74 sq mi),[30] is an elongated stretch of land occupying the entire western side of the island. It is bounded by the rugged central mountains of Panay, bordering on the provinces ofAklan in the northeast,Capiz on the east,Iloilo in the southeast and theSulu Sea on the west. Its westernmost and northernmost point isSemirara Island at12°07′10″N121°21′10″E / 12.11944°N 121.35278°E /12.11944; 121.35278, while its eastern tip is approximately11°01′N122°19.5′E / 11.017°N 122.3250°E /11.017; 122.3250.Anini-y is the province's most southerly point at10°24′24″N121°57′38″E / 10.40667°N 121.96056°E /10.40667; 121.96056. Resembling a seahorse in shape, it is 155 kilometres (96 mi) long and 35 kilometres (22 mi) at its widest point.
Antique has rugged and varied land.Nogas Island, Hurao-Hurao Island andMararison Island have long stretches of white sand beaches that are ideal for shell-hunting.Batbatan Island on the other hand, appeals to scuba divers because of the well-preservedcoral reefs.
Mount Madja-as is located inCulasi, is the highest peak on the island ofPanay. This 2,117-metre-high (6,946 ft) mountain[31] is adormant volcano with lakes and 14 waterfalls. It is said to be the legendary home ofBulalakaw, the supreme god of the ancients, and beckons as a challenge for hikers and trekkers.Mount Nangtud, is the second highest mountain in Antique and Panay island with an elevation of 6,804 ft (2,074 m) above sea level, located between Antique and Capiz border.
Antique has nine major rivers, the longest isSibalom River 73 km, followed by Paliwan River 58.2 km, Cangaranan River 57.4 km, Dalanas River 34.6 km, Cairawan River 31.5 km, Ypayo River (Patnongon) 29.2 km, Tibiao River 26.4 km, Malandog River 17.8 km and Bacong River 16.2 km.
List of peaks in Antique by elevation.
List of rivers in Antique by length.
List of waterfalls in Antique.
The rainy season in Antique is from June to November, and the summer season is from December to May.
| Climate data for Antique | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 33.6 (92.5) | 33 (91) | 31.8 (89.2) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.8 (87.4) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.2 (88.2) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.4 (86.7) | 31.4 (88.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) | 23 (73) | 23.5 (74.3) | 24.2 (75.6) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.7 (74.6) |
| Average rainy days | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 10 | 9 | 136 |
| Source:Storm24/7[32] | |||||||||||||
Antique is subdivided into 18municipalities.
San Jose de Buenavista serves as the provincial capital, the center of commerce and trade, and the seat of the provincial government and national government agencies.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | 134,166 | — |
| 1918 | 154,999 | +0.97% |
| 1939 | 199,414 | +1.21% |
| 1948 | 233,506 | +1.77% |
| 1960 | 238,405 | +0.17% |
| 1970 | 289,172 | +1.95% |
| 1975 | 308,484 | +1.30% |
| 1980 | 344,879 | +2.25% |
| 1990 | 406,361 | +1.65% |
| 1995 | 431,713 | +1.14% |
| 2000 | 472,822 | +1.97% |
| 2007 | 515,265 | +1.19% |
| 2010 | 546,031 | +2.13% |
| 2015 | 582,012 | +1.22% |
| 2020 | 612,974 | +1.10% |
| 2024 | 643,173 | +1.16% |
| Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[33][34][34] | ||
The population of Antique in the 2020 census was 612,974 people,[4] with a density of 220 inhabitants per square kilometre or 570 inhabitants per square mile. San Jose is the most populous town in the province.
Antiqueños are seafaring people that share many characteristics with their Panay neighbors. However, the steep slopes and the rugged, long mountain ranges of Antique have isolated it from the rest of Panay. Hence, they have developed their own distinct language calledKinaray-a. This language is ofAustronesian origin characterized by the predominance of r's and schwa sounds spoken with a lilting gentle intonation.
The Antiqueños are noted for their industry. They are renowned weavers throughout the Visayas. The Bugasongpatadyong, a tube cotton fabric of plaid design, is highly valued because of its fineness of weaving. Piña cloth is also produced on looms throughout the province. Wine manufactured from the sap of the coconut is a cottage industry.
Kinaray-a is the dominant language of Antique.Hiligaynon is also widely used and it is understood by the population.Aklanon is also spoken in the northern part of the province that borders Aklan especially in the towns ofPandan andLibertad.
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The people of Antique are predominantlyCatholics, with theCatholic Church as its largest denomination. While theIglesia Filipina Independiente or the IFI, also known as the Aglipayan Church, is the second largest religious denomination in the province. The IFI being the tangible fruit of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Imperialist remains significant in the present-day Antique. Both the Roman Catholic and IFI are influential in both the society and politics of the province.
Other religious denominations in the province are theMembers Church of God International (MCGI),[35]Protestants andNontrinitarian cults such as,Iglesia ni Cristo,Seventh-day Adventist Church,Jehovah's Witnesses, andthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, among others.
In the mountains, remnants of ancient folk beliefs persist.Babaylans or native priestesses continue to divine the future, heal the sick or conjure spells.
For the year 1998, production ofpalay, the primary crop of the province, registered a total of 177,521 metric tons (mt.) or 4,438,025 cavans from 58,847 hectares with an average yield of 3.02 metric tons per hectare. An increase of 8,280 mt. or 16.37 percent over last years (1997) production was observed because the area harvested has increased by 9,822 hectares or 5.86 percent. However, the average yield per hectare decreased by 0.3 mt. per hectare or 0.09 percent. The average yield per hectare for irrigated lands is 3.39 mt., 2.63 mt. for rain-fed farms, and 1.57 for upland areas. The province regularly harvests enough to feed its population. This year,[when?] there is a surplus of 83,756 mt. or 2,093,900 cavans of palay.
Copra, the second major agricultural commodity, registered a total production of 15,712 mt. in 1998 reflecting a decrease of 965 mt. (5.78%) as against last years (1997) yield of 16,677 mt. The main bulk of the copra came from the municipality ofCaluya where this area accounts for 44 percent of the total copra output of the province. The area planted with coconuts constitutes about 34 percent of the total area of the province. Caluya, together withPandan, account for more than half (53%) of the total provincial figure in terms of area planted, number of bearing trees.
Fishing is the major source of livelihood for households in the 15 coastal municipalities.[44] The rich fishing grounds of the Cuyo East Pass, Sulu Sea, and the municipal waters along the approximately 296.8-kilometre (184.4 mi) coastline, make fishing a promising venture. The fishing season is year round and peaks during December to June. A total of 17,437 households are directly dependent on fishing, and 39,055 households are indirectly dependent on it.
Livestock and poultry raising in the province is through a backyard or commercial system of production. Data from Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) revealed that from 1,441,660 head of livestock and poultry in 1997, the number rose to 1,547,944 in 1998, an additional 106,284 heads, indicating a 7.37% growth. The main reason behind this growth is the increase in poultry production of almost 7.88 percent.
Forest products include bamboo, buri, bariw, nito, log, charcoal, abaca, herbal vines and plants, wild flowers and others. These forest resources are of undetermined quantity, and are used as raw materials in the construction industry, furniture and handicraft.
One of the most notable flowers to be thriving in the Antiqueño mountains would be the rafflesia, one of the biggest flowers in the world. Rafflesia is Antique's provincial flower.
A large percentage of forestland is classified as protected (59.29 percent or 70,338.52 hectares). A little more than 50 percent of the total forestland is vegetated. The municipalities of Culasi, San Remigio and Valderrama registered the highest vegetative cover with an area of 13,005 hectares (32,140 acres), 8,637.50 hectares (21,343.7 acres) and 6,35 hectares[clarification needed] respectively. The remaining 40.71 percent or 48,296.48 hectares (119,343.2 acres) are classified as production forests.
Major products shipped out of the province are palay, rice, copra, muscovado sugar,[44] legumes, fruits and vegetables, livestock, fish and fish preparations, and seaweed. Manufactured items like native gifts, toys, and housewares are sold in major cities of the country and abroad. Principal mined products exported includecoal,marble,silica,copper andgemstones.
The main goods entering the province are construction materials, dry goods, groceries, canned and bottled products, fertilizers and others.
The capital town ofSan Jose de Buenavista is the center of business in the province whileCulasi is the center of the North.
Economically potential towns are San Jose, Sibalom, Caluya, Culasi, Pandan, Hamtic, Tibiao, Bugasong and Patnongon.
With the revival of Antique Airport (also called Evelio Javier Airport), commercial flights have resumed and may contribute to the development of the commerce and tourism industry especially in the capital town, San Jose.
An establishment is an economic unit which engages under a single ownership or control. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) classifies establishments as manufacturing, trade and service. For 1998, fourteen manufacturing establishments were reported. Such manufacturing establishments are making hollow blocks, wood furniture, steel/wood, packed foods, metal craft, threshers, soap and sidecars. Service establishments totaled 117 and a total of 294 trade establishments.
Antique has deposits of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources.[44] The metallic mineral resources include copper, gold, chromite, pyrite, iron, manganese and ferro alloys and limestone. Copper deposits in Barbaza and San Remigio are estimated to have a volume of 36,255 metric tons and 59,445 metric tons respectively. Pyrite deposits in Valderrama and Sibalom are estimated at 120,000 metric tons while limestone deposits in Culasi are estimated at 30 billion metric tons.
The Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau (MGB) confirms the presence of gold in Mt. Dumara, Laua-an extending as far as Lumboyan, Barbaza. An analysis conducted on ore deposits indicated that 39.75 grams of gold could be found in a metric ton of ore. Non-metallic deposits include sulfides, clay, sulfur, oil and gemstones. Marble deposits are estimated at 1.8 billion metric tons in Libertad, and 2.3 billion metric tons in Pandan. Coal reserves in Caluya are estimated to be 1.6 million metric tons.
An indication of oil deposits was recently discovered at Maniguin Island in Culasi.
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The whole stretch of coastal areas in Antique is suited for scuba diving. Starting from the southern town of Antique tourists can drop by Sira-an Hot Spring, claimed to be a medical spring. The next destination is the capital town of San Jose de Buenavista passing by Malandog Marker, site of the first Malayan Settlement and the newly constructed Marina Bay. Tourism amenities like restaurants, two shopping malls,pasalubong centers, accommodations and beach resorts are present.Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world, can be found inSibalom Natural Park.[45] In the municipalities of Patnongon and Laua-an, tourists interested in traditional methods can visit muscovado mills and watch how muscovado sugar is processed. Products made with muscovado are also available; Laua-an is noted for its longbutong-butong (a candy made with muscovado sugar). Tibiao has the kawa bath, Bugtong Bato Falls and the Fish SPA. From Culasi,Mount Madja-as can be seen, the "Mount Olympus" of Antique. Sebaste has the Igpasungaw Falls, the Sebaste Inland Resort and the most visited Saint Blaise Church, where devotees of St. Blaise make a pilgrimage every year during the annual fiesta, Pandan has Malumpati Health Spring and Bugang River—declared as the cleanest body of water in the whole country by the Gawad Pangulo sa Kapaligiran—where rafting and river boating can be experienced. This is the most developed tourism area with a tour package. Libertad is known for itsbariw mat and bag weaving. San Remigio was recently tagged as the summer capital of the province with cool weather to enjoy and a strawberry farm.[46]
Started in San Jose in 1974 by governorEvelio Javier, this is a week-long festival that includes colorful street parades, beach shows, plaza concerts, a beauty contest and a trade fair. "Binirayan" biray, or "sailboat" in Kinaray-a (Antique's local language), refers to the Pre-Hispanic legend of the Bornean datus to reach Malandog beach, where they befriended the Atis (Aetas) and eventually started a civilization. Antique tradition holds that it was founded by BorneanMalays in the 12th century, although this had been called erroneously as a hoax, recent studies show there is support for this claim in contemporary records from Chinese annals and as well as early Spanish records pre dating the maragtas work by Moteclaro. According to legend, 10 Borneandatus (chieftains) claimedPanay island and their leader, Datu Sumakwel, founded the settlement in Malandog, Hamtik, Antique.[47]
Antique has a total road length of 340 km (210 mi) including a 208 km (129 mi) National Road linking the province fromLibertad in the north toAnini-y in the south. Transportation services are generally provided by tricycles, jeepneys, vans and buses. There are also daily buses toManila via theroll-on/roll-offnautical highway and other neighboring provinces and cities includingIloilo City andKalibo.
Evelio Javier Airport (Antique Airport), located in San Jose de Buenavista, is the only airport in the province with flights to Manila operated byPAL Express.Semirara Island inCaluya has an airstrip that has chartered flights to Manila.
Seaports in the province include theLipata Port in Culasi and theSan Jose Port in San Jose de Buenavista. Lipata Port in Culasi is used to travel to Caluya.
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Antique travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related toAntique (province) atOpenStreetMap Province ofAntique | |
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San Jose de Buenavista (capital and largest municipality) | |
| Municipalities | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
