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Antigonid dynasty

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Dynasty of Hellenistic kings

Antigonids
Antigonid Empire

Ἀντιγονίδαι
Antigonidai

306 BC–168 BC

Tetradrachm with theEagle of Zeus and the inscriptionΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΕΡΣΕΩΣ, "[coin] ofKing Perseus"

Antigonid Empire before theBattle of Ipsus

Capital

Antigonia (Antigonus I)
Demetrias (Demetrius I)
Pella (sinceAntigonus II)

Common languages

Greek

Religion

Ancient Greek /Hellenistic

Government

Monarchy

Basileus

• 306 BC – 301 BC

Antigonus I Monophthalmus

• 179 BC – 168 BC

Perseus of Macedon

Historical era

Hellenistic

• Established

306 BC

• Defeat byRome

168 BC

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Macedonian Empire
	Achaemenid Empire

Roman Macedonia
Seleucid Empire

TheAntigonid dynasty (/ænˈtɪɡoʊnɪd/;Ancient Greek:Ἀντιγονίδαι) was aMacedonian Greek royal house which ruled thekingdom of Macedon during theHellenistic period.^[2] Founded byAntigonus I Monophthalmus, a general andsuccessor ofAlexander the Great, the dynasty first came to power after theBattle of Salamis in 306 BC and ruled much ofHellenistic Greece from 294 until their defeat at theBattle of Pydna in 168 BC (Third Macedonian War), after which Macedon came under the control of theRoman Republic.

Thewars of the Diadochi witnessed the fall of theArgead dynasty in Macedon resulting in a power vacuum, which the Antigonid andAntipatrid dynasties sought to occupy. The Antigonid family first rose to power whenDemetrius I Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus I, oustedCassander'sgovernor of Athens in 306 BC giving his father control over a land spanning from theAegean Sea to the Middle East. Despite the subsequent instability and loss of the Asian territory, the family managed to maintain its power in mainland Greece and the islands, withAntigonus II Gonatas ultimately solidifying Antigonid rule over Hellenistic Macedon –a territory also known as theAntigonid Empire.Antigonus III Doson further expanded Macedonian influence in southern Greece reestablishing theHellenic Alliance with himself as the president. UnderPhilip V, Antigonid Macedon first came into conflict with Rome, which had become a decisive power in the eastern Mediterranean. In the second century BC, the last Antigonid king,Perseus, became known as the champion of Greek resistance against Rome, albeitRome's control over Antigonid Greece began to steadily expand, culminating in the fall of the dynasty in 168.^[3]^[4]

History

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Further information:Argead dynasty,Antipatrid dynasty,History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), andGovernment of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

The beginning of Hellenistic Greece was defined by the struggle between theAntipatrid dynasty, led first byCassander (r. 305 – 297 BC), son of Antipater, and the Antigonid dynasty, led byAntigonus I Monophthalmus (r. 306 – 301 BC) and his son, the future king Demetrius I Poliorcetes (r. 294 – 288 BC). After the power crisis in Macedon, which culminated in Philip III's andEuridice's death, Cassander managed to seize control fromOlympias and began to establish his authority in the kingdom; in 316 BC he buried Philip III and Euridice atAegae and marriedPhilip II's daughter,Thessalonica, thus becoming a member of the Argead dynasty.^[5] In 310/309 BC, Cassander commandedGlaucias to secretly assassinate the 14-year-oldAlexander IV, son of Alexander the Great, and his motherRoxane and the Macedonian Argead dynasty became extinct.

In 307 BC, Demetrius I successfully oustedCassander's governor ofAthens,Demetrius of Phalerum, and after defeatingPtolemy I at theBattle of Salamis in 306 BC he conquered the islandCyprus. Following that victory, Demetrius' father, Antigonus I, assumed the title ofBasileus ("King" of Alexander's Empire) by the assembled armies and gained control over the Aegean, the eastern Mediterranean, and most of the Middle East.^[4] While Antigonus and Demetrius attempted to recreate Philip II'sHellenic league with themselves as dual hegemons, a revived coalition of Cassander,Ptolemy I Soter,Seleucus I Nicator, andLysimachus decisively defeated the Antigonids at theBattle of Ipsus in 301 BC, during which Antigonus I was killed.^[6] Demetrius I survived the battle and in 294 BC –during the struggles between Casander's sonsAlexander V andAntipater I– he managed to seize control of Athens and establish himself as king of Macedon. In 288 BC, he was driven out byPyrrhus and Lysimachus and eventually died as a prisoner of Seleucus I Nicator.^[7]^[8] After a long period of instability, Demetrius' sonAntigonus II Gonatas was able to establish the family's control over the old Kingdom of Macedon, as well as over most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC.^[9]

Legacy

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The Antigonid was one of four dynasties established by Alexander's successors, the others being theSeleucid dynasty,Ptolemaic dynasty andAntipatrid dynasty. The last scion of the dynasty,Perseus of Macedon, who reigned between 179 and 168 BC, proved unable to stop the advancing Roman legions and Macedon's defeat at theBattle of Pydna signaled the end of the dynasty.^[10]

Dynasty

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The ruling members of the Antigonid dynasty were:

Antigonid rulers
King	Reign (BC)	Consort(s)	Comments
Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Western Asian Antigonid kingdom)	306–301 BC	Stratonice	One of Alexander the Great's top generals; a major participant in the so-called "funeral games" following that king's death. "Monophthalmus" is Greek for "One-eyed," a reference to a disfiguring battle scar.
Demetrius I Poliorcetes (Macedon, Cicilia)	294–287 BC	Phila Ptolemais Deïdameia Lanassa ?Eurydice ?Unnamed Illyrian woman	Son ofAntigonus I Monophthalmus. Demetrius' wife Phila was a daughter ofAntipater, and ancestor of all subsequent Antigonid kings of Macedon, exceptAntigonus III Doson, through her sonAntigonus II Gonatas. Antigonus III Doson was descended from the marriage of Demetrius and Ptolemais, who was a daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and mother of Doson's father,Demetrius the Fair, the ephemeral King of Cyrene. Deïdameia was a daughter ofAeacides of Epirus and sister ofPyrrhus, she had one son, Alexander, by Demetrius. Demetrius had a further two sons, Demetrius the Thin and Corrhagus, the former by an unnamed Illyrian woman, the latter by a woman named Eurydice.Demetrius I Poliorcetes was the first Antigonid king ofMacedon.
Antigonus II Gonatas (Macedon)	276–239 BC	Phila	Son ofDemetrius Poliorcetes and Phila, grandson ofAntigonus I Monophthalmus. His wife,Phila, was the daughter of his sister,Stratonice. Only one known legitimate child,Demetrius II Aetolicus.
Demetrius the Fair (Cyrene)	c. 250 BC	Olympias of Larissa Berenice II	Son ofDemetrius I Poliorcetes and Ptolemaïs. Father ofAntigonus III Doson and, apparently,Echecrates by Olympias.
Demetrius II Aetolicus (Macedon)	239–229 BC	Stratonice of Macedon Phthia of Epirus Nicaea of Corinth Chryseis	Son ofAntigonus II andPhila.Stratonice of Macedon was a daughter ofAntiochus I Soter andStratonice.Phthia of Epirus was a daughter ofAlexander II of Epirus andOlympias II of Epirus.Nicaea of Corinth was the widow of Demetrius' cousin,Alexander of Corinth. Chryseis was a former captive of Demetrius.^[11] Only known son,Philip by Chryseis, also had a daughter byStratonice of Macedon,Apama III.
Antigonus III Doson (Macedon)	229–221 BC	Chryseis	Son ofDemetrius the Fair and Olympias of Larissa. Children unknown.
Philip V (Macedon)	221–179 BC	Polycratia of Argos	Son of Demetrius II and Chryseis.^[11] At least four children:Perseus of Macedon,Apame,Demetrius andPhilippus.
Perseus (Macedon)	179–168 BC (died 166 BC)	Laodice V	The last ruler of Macedon.Laodice V was a daughter of the Seleucid king,Seleucus IV Philopator. At least two sons, Philip and Alexander.

The Greek rebel against Rome and last King of Macedonia,Andriscus, claimed to be the son of Perseus.

Family tree of Antigonids

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Derdas II

Derdas III
archon of Elimiotis

Machatas of Elimeia

Phila of Elimeia

Philip II
king of Macedonia
359-336 BC

Philip
satrap of India

wife

Periandros of Pella

Demetrius

Stratonice
daughter of Corrhaeus

Antigonus I Monophthalmus
king of Macedonia
306-301 BC

Ptolemy

Marsyas

1.Phila
daughter ofAntipater
2.Eurydice of Athens
3.Deidamia I of Epirus
daughter ofAeacides of Epirus

Demetrius I Poliorketes
king of Macedon
294-288 BC

4.Lanassa
daughter ofAgathocles of Syracuse
5.Ptolemais
daughter ofPtolemy I of Egypt

Philip
prince

(1)Stratonice of Syria
∞ 1.Seleucus I Nicator
2.Antiochus I Soter

(1)Antigonus II Gonatas
king of Macedon
277-274, 272-239 BC

Phila
daughter of
Seleucus I Nicator

(5)Demetrius the Fair
king of Cyrene
250-249 BC

1.Olympias of Larissa
2.Berenice II
daughter ofMagas
king of Cyrene

(2) 1.Stratonice of Macedon

Demetrius II Aetolicus
king of Macedonia
239-229 BC

2.Nicaea of Corinth
3.Phthia
daughter of
Alexander II of Epirus
4.Chryseis

(1)Antigonus III Doson
king of Macedon
229-221 BC

Echecrates

Prusias I of Bithynia

(1)Apama III

(4)Philip V
king of Macedon
221-179 BC

Polycratia of Argos

Antigonos

Prusias II of Bithynia
king of Bithynia

Apame IV

(illeg.)Perseus
king of Macedon
179-168 BC

Laodice V
daughter of
Seleucus IV Philopator

Demetrius
prince

Philippus
prince

Alexander
prince

Coin gallery

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Antigonid dynasty coins
Coin ofAntigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed") (382–301 BC). Coin ofDemetrius I of Macedon ("The Besieger"), (337–283 BC), son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus Coin ofAntigonus II Gonatas Coin of Philip VI Andriscus. Greek inscription readsΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ (King Philip).

References

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^Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".Social Science History.3 (3/4): 121.doi:10.2307/1170959.JSTOR 1170959.
^Grant, Michael (1988).The Rise of the Greeks. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.ISBN 978-0-684-18536-1.It was the descendants of these Dorians [...] who formed the upper class among the Macedonians of subsequent epochs.
^Nicholson, Emma (2023-01-20).Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories: Politics, History, and Fiction. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–4.ISBN 978-0-19-269212-2.
^^a ^b"Antigonid dynasty | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2023-12-08.
^Adams, Winthrop Lindsay (2010). "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 214–215.ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
^Adams, Winthrop Lindsay (2010). "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 217.ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
^Adams, Winthrop Lindsay (2010). "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 218–219.ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
^"Demetrius I Poliorcetes | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2023-12-08.
^J. Spielvogel, Jackson (2005).Western Civilization: Volume I: To 1715. Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 89–90.ISBN 0-534-64603-4.
^Encyclopædia Britannica,Antigonid dynasty, 2008, O.Ed. "But Perseus' failure to deploy his full resources brought about his defeat (168) at Pydna in Macedonia and signaled the end of the dynasty."
^^a ^bEusebius,Chronicle 1.237-8; SyncellusChronicle 535.19

Adams, Winthrop Lindsay. 2010. "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC." InA Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Edited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington, 208–224. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Anson, Edward M. 2014.Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Edson, Charles F. 1934. "The Antigonids, Heracles, and Beroia."Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 45:213–246.
O'Neil, James L. 2003. "The Ethnic Origins of the Friends of the Antigonid Kings of Macedon."The Classical Quarterly 53, no. 2: 510–22.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556219.
The Antigonid Network.https://blogs.exeter.ac.uk/theantigonidnetwork/. Containing information about academic research, seminars, and related bibliographies and links.

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos withLaodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander withDynamis Mithridates II Asander withDynamis Scribonius's attempted rule withDynamis Dynamis withPolemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded byHellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

v t e Royal houses ofGreece
Argead Antipatrid Antigonid Ptolemaic Seleucid Constantinian Theodosian Leonid Justinian Heraclian Isaurian Nikephorian Amorian Macedonian Doukas Komnenos Angelos Flanders Courtenay Laskaris Palaiologos Wittelsbach Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Zaccaria (Damalas)