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Anti-Protestantism isbias,hatred ordistrust against some or all branches ofProtestantism and/or itsfollowers, especially when amplified in legal, political, ethic or military measures.
Protestants were not tolerated throughout most of Europe until thePeace of Augsburg of 1555 approvedLutheranism as an alternative for Roman Catholicism as astate religion of various states within theHoly Roman Empire of the German Nation.Calvinism was not recognized until thePeace of Westphalia of 1648. Other states, such as France, made similar agreements in the early stages of the Reformation.Poland–Lithuania had a long history of religious tolerance. However, the tolerance stopped after theThirty Years' War in Germany, the persecution ofHuguenots and theFrench Wars of Religion in France, the change in power between Protestant and Roman Catholic rulers after the death ofHenry VIII of England in England, and the launch of theCounter-Reformation in Italy, Spain, Habsburg Austria and Poland-Lithuania.Anabaptism arose as a part of theRadical Reformation, lacking the support of the state which Lutheranism and Calvinism enjoyed, and thus was persecuted.
Protestants in Latin America were largely ostracized until the abolition of certain restrictions in the 20th century. Protestantism spread withEvangelicalism andPentecostalism gaining the majority of followers. North America became a shelter for Protestants who were fleeing Europe after the persecution increased.
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TheProtestant Reformation led to a long period of warfare and communal violence between Catholic and Protestant factions, sometimes leading to massacres and forced suppression of the alternative views by the dominant faction in much of Europe.
Various European rulers supported or opposed Roman Catholicism for their own political reasons. After theCouncil of Trent and itsCounter Reformation program, religion became an excuse or factor for territorial wars (thereligious wars) and for periodic outbreaks of sectarian violence.
Anti-Protestantism originated in a reaction by the Catholic Church against the Reformation of the 16th century. Protestants, especially public ones, could be denounced as heretics and subject to prosecution in those territories, such as Spain, Italy and the Netherlands in which the Catholics were the dominant power. This movement was orchestrated by church and state as theCounter-Reformation.
There were religious wars and, in some countries though not in others, eruptions of sectarian hatred such as theSt Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, part of theFrench Wars of Religion.
Militant anti-Protestantism originated in a reaction by states and societies alarmed at the spread of Protestantism following theProtestant Reformation of the 16th century, frequently dated from Martin Luther's95 Theses of 1517. By 1540,Pope Paul III had sanctioned the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) as the first religious society pledged to extinguish Protestantism.
Protestantism was denounced as heresy, and those supporting these doctrines could be excommunicated as heretics. Thus by canon law and depending on the practice and policies of the particular Catholic country at the time, Protestants could be subject to prosecution and persecution: in those territories, such as Spain, Italy and the Netherlands, the Catholic rulers were then the dominant power. Some anti-Lutheran measures, such as the regionalSpanish Inquisitions[3] had begun earlier in response to theReconquista andMorisco andConverso conversions.
After thedefeat of the rebellious Protestant Estates of theKingdom of Bohemia by theHabsburg monarchy at theBattle of White Mountain in 1620, the Habsburgs introduced a Counter-Reformation and forcibly converted all Bohemians, even theUtraquist Hussites, back to the Catholic Church. In 1624, EmperorFerdinand II issued a patent that allowed only the Catholic religion in Bohemia.[4] In the 1620s, Protestant nobility, burghers, and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the Habsburg lands or forced to convert to Catholicism, and their lands were confiscated, while peasants were forced to adopt the religion of their new Catholic masters.[5]
In a series of persecutions ending in 1731, over 20,000Salzburg Protestants were expelled from their homeland by thePrince-Archbishops.
In France, from 1562 Catholics andHuguenots (Reformed Protestants) fought aseries of wars until theEdict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants. The religious toleration lasted until the reign ofLouis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with theEdict of Fontainebleau in 1685.
In 1870 the newly formedKingdom of Italy annexed the remainingPapal States, depriving the Pope of histemporal power. However, Papal rule over Italy was laterrestored by theItalian Fascist régime[6] (albeit on a greatly diminished scale) in 1929 as head of theVatican City state;[6] underMussolini'sdictatorship,Catholicism became thestate religion of Fascist Italy.[6][7]
In 1938, theItalian Racial Laws andManifesto of Race were promulgated by the Fascist régime to bothoutlaw and persecute Italian Jews[8] andProtestants,[7][9][10][11] especiallyEvangelicals andPentecostals.[9][10][11] Thousands of Italian Jews and a small number of Protestants died in theNazi concentration camps.[8][11]
InFranco'sauthoritarianSpanish State (1936–1975), Protestantism was deliberately marginalized and persecuted. During the Civil War, Franco's regime persecuted the country's 30,000[12] Protestants, and forced many Protestant pastors to leave the country and various Protestant leaders were executed.[13] Once authoritarian rule was established, non-Catholic Bibles were confiscated by police and Protestant schools were closed.[14] Although the 1945 Spanish Bill of Rights granted freedom ofprivate worship, Protestants suffered legal discrimination and non-Catholic religious services were not permitted publicly, to the extent that they could not be in buildings which had exterior signs indicating it was a house of worship and that public activities were prohibited.[12][15]
In Northern Ireland or pre-Catholic emancipation Ireland, there is a hostility to Protestantism as a whole that has more to do with communal ornationalist sentiments than theological issues. During theTudor conquest of Ireland by the Protestant state of England in the course of the 16th century, theElizabethan state failed to convert Irish Catholics to Protestantism and thus followed a vigorous policy of confiscation, deportation, and resettlement. By dispossessing Catholics of their lands, and resettling Protestants on them, the official Government policy was to encourage a widespread campaign of proselytizing by Protestant settlers and establishment of English law in these areas. This led to a counter effort of theCounter Reformation by mostly Jesuit Catholic clergy to maintain the "old religion" of the people as the dominant religion in these regions. The result was that Catholicism came to be identified with a sense of nativism and Protestantism came to be identified with the State, as most Protestant communities were established by state policy, and Catholicism was viewed as treason to the state after this time. While Elizabeth I had initially tolerated private Catholic worship, this ended afterPope Pius V, in his 1570papal bullRegnans in Excelsis, pronounced her to beillegitimate and unworthy of her subjects' allegiance.
ThePenal Laws, first introduced in the early 17th century, were initially designed to force the native elite to conform to the state church by excludingnon-Conformists and Roman Catholics from public office, and restricting land ownership, but were later, starting underQueen Elizabeth, also used to confiscate virtually all Catholic owned land and grant it to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. The Penal Laws had a lasting effect on the population, due to their severity (celebrating Catholicism in any form was punishable by death or enslavement under the laws), and the favouritism granted Irish Anglicans served to polarise the community in terms of religion. Anti-Protestantism inEarly Modern Ireland 1536–1691 thus was also largely a form of hostility to the colonisation of Ireland. Irish poetry of this era shows a marked antipathy to Protestantism, one such poem reading, "The faith of Christ [Catholicism] with the faith of Luther is like ashes in the snow". The mixture of resistance to colonization and religious disagreements led to widespread massacres of Protestant settlers in theIrish Rebellion of 1641. Subsequent religious orsectarian antipathy was fueled by the atrocities committed by both sides in theIrish Confederate Wars, especially the repression of Catholicism during and after theCromwellian conquest of Ireland, when Irish Catholic land was confiscated en masse, clergy were executed and discriminatory legislation was passed against Catholics.
The Penal Laws against Catholics (and alsoPresbyterians) were renewed in the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to fear of Catholic support forJacobitism after theWilliamite War in Ireland and were slowly repealed in 1771–1829. Penal Laws against Presbyterians were relaxed by theToleration Act 1719, due to their siding with theJacobites in a 1715 rebellion. At the time the Penal Laws were in effect, Presbyterians and other non-Conformist Protestants left Ireland and settled in other countries. Some 250,000 left for theNew World alone between the years 1717 and 1774, most of them arriving there fromUlster.
Sectarian conflict was continued in the late 18th century in the form of communal violence between rival Catholic and Protestant factions over land and trading rights (seeDefenders (Ireland),Peep O'Day Boys andOrange Institution). The 1820s and 1830s in Ireland saw a major attempt by Protestantevangelists to convert Catholics, a campaign which caused great resentment among Catholics.
In modernIrish nationalism, anti-Protestantism is usually more nationalist than religious in tone. The main reason for this is the identification of Protestants withunionism – i.e. the support for the maintenance of the union with the United Kingdom, and opposition toHome Rule or Irish independence. In Northern Ireland, since the foundation of theFree State in 1921, Catholics, who were mainly nationalists, suffered systematic discrimination from the Protestant unionist majority.[16] The same happened to Protestants in the Catholic-dominated South. [not in citation given][16]
The mixture of religious and national identities on both sides reinforces both anti-Catholic and anti-Protestantsectarian prejudice in the province.
More specifically religious anti-Protestantism in Ireland was evidenced by the acceptance of theNe Temere decrees in the early 20th century, whereby the Catholic Church decreed that all children born into mixed Catholic-Protestant marriages had to be brought up as Catholics. Protestants in Northern Ireland had long held that their religious liberty would be threatened under a 32-county Republic of Ireland, due to that country's Constitutional support of a "special place" for the Roman Catholic Church. This article was deleted in 1972.
DuringThe Troubles in Northern Ireland, Protestants with no connection to the security forces were occasionally targeted byIrish republican paramilitaries.
In 1974, two Protestant employees at a filling station on theCrumlin Road in Belfast were shot and killed by members of the IRA. In an alleged statement read out at the trial of one of the IRA members charged, the killings were said to have been planned in retaliation for the killings of two Catholics at another filling station.[17]
In 1976, eleven Protestant workmen were shot by a group which was identified in a telephone call as the "South Armagh Republican Action Force". Ten of the men died, and the sole survivor said, "One man... did all the talking and proceeded to ask each of us our religion. Our Roman Catholic works colleague was ordered to clear off and the shooting started."[18] A 2011 report from theHistorical Enquiries Team (HET) found, "These dreadful murders were carried out by theProvisional IRA and none other."[19]
In 1983, members of theIrish National Liberation Army (INLA) shot 10 worshippers who were attending a Protestant church service near the village ofDarkley inCounty Armagh. Three of those shot were killed. The gunmen issued a statement, claiming to be from the "Catholic Reaction Force", and said that they "could easily have taken the lives of at least 20 more innocent Protestants". They demanded that loyalist paramilitarites "call an immediate halt to their vicious indiscriminate campaign against innocent Catholics", or the gunmen would "make the Darkley killings look like a picnic."[20]
In the period following the signing of the 1929 Lateran Pact, which declared Catholicism as Italy's state religion in the context of a comprehensive regulation of Vatican and Italian government relations, Catholic cultural support for Mussolini is consolidated.
— Wiley Feinstein,The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites (2003), p. 19,London:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,ISBN 0-8386-3988-7.
In 1938, the Italian Fascist regime under Benito Mussolini enacted a series of racial laws that placed multiple restrictions on the country's Jewish population. At the time the laws were enacted, it is estimated that about 46,000 Jews lived in Italy, of whom about 9,000 were foreign born and thus subject to further restrictions such as residence requirements. [...] Estimates suggest that between September 1943 and March 1945, about 10,000 Jews were deported. The vast majority perished, principally atAuschwitz.
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