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Antandrus

Coordinates:39°34′33″N26°47′26″E / 39.57583°N 26.79056°E /39.57583; 26.79056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ancient Greek city
Antandrus
Ἄντανδρος
Antandrus is located in Turkey
Antandrus
Shown within Turkey
LocationAltınoluk,Balıkesir Province,Turkey
RegionTroad
Coordinates39°34′33″N26°47′26″E / 39.57583°N 26.79056°E /39.57583; 26.79056
TypeSettlement

Antandrus orAntandros (Ancient Greek:Ἄντανδρος) was anancient Greek city on the north side of the Gulf of Adramyttium in theTroad region ofAnatolia. Its surrounding territory was known inGreek asἈντανδρία (Antandria),[1] and included the towns ofAspaneus on the coast andAstyra to the east.[2] It has been located on Devren hill between the modern village of Avcılar and the town ofAltınoluk in theEdremit district ofBalıkesir Province,Turkey.[3]

Location

[edit]

The geographerStrabo located Antandrus in theTroad on the southern flank ofMount Ida, east ofAssos andGargara, but west ofAspaneus,Astyra, andAdramyttium.[4] The first clue which led to its rediscovery in modern times was found by the German geographer and Classical scholarHeinrich Kiepert in 1842. He found an inscription relating to Antandrus in the wall of amosque at Avcılar. Returning in 1888, he found a further inscription at Avcılar and, due to the discovery by locals of manyGreek,Roman, andByzantine era coins in the vicinity of a nearby hill called Devren, he was also able to locate the acropolis of Antandrus on this spot.[5] The British archaeologist John Cook surveyed the site in 1959 and 1968, discovering further evidence of a Greek settlement.[6]

Foundation

[edit]

Conflicting traditions regarding the foundation of Antandrus circulated in antiquity. According to theLesbian poetAlcaeus at the turn of the 7th century BC, Antandrus was founded by theLeleges, a people whom the Greeks believed to be aboriginal toAnatolia.[7] The 5th century BC historianHerodotus likewise posited non-Greek origins for Antandrus, stating that it was aPelasgian foundation.[8]Thucydides, writing a few decades after Herodotus in the late 5th century BC, is the first source to suggest Greek origins to Antandrus by saying it was anAeolian foundation, a claim also found in the ByzantinelexicographerStephanus of Byzantium, who named a leader of theAeolians called Antandrus as the city's founder.[9] However, a tradition of non-Greek origins persisted. A century laterAristotle explained its epithetsἨδωνίς (Edonis) andΚιμμερίς (Kimmeris) as referring, respectively, to the city's foundation by aThracian tribe, the Edonians, and to a period of a century when the nomadicCimmerians from southernRussia had controlled the city.[10]Demetrius of Scepsis (c. 205 - c. 130 BC) gives a different version again in which Antandrus was originally inhabited byCilicians from the plain of Thebe facing the Gulf of Adramyttium (not to be confused withCilicia in south-eastTurkey).[11]

In the reign ofAugustus the GreekmythographerConon provided two alternative explanations for the origins of Antandrus.[12] Both etymologizeἌντανδρος (Antandros) asἀντ’ Ἄνδρου (ant' Androu), exploiting the meaning 'in the stead of' of theGreekprepositionἀντί (anti). In the first,Ascanius the son ofAeneas used to rule the city of Antandrus until he was captured by thePelasgians; the ransom for his release was to give over the city, thusἀντ’ ἄνδρου meaning '(a city) in the stead of/in exchange for a man (soἄνδρου fromἄνδρος, theGreekgenitive singular ofἀνήρ, 'man', i.e. Ascanius)'. This interpretation combines the reference to the city's Pelasgian origins in Herodotus and its brief role inVirgil'sAeneid as the place from whichAeneas and theTrojans flee to the west.[13] In the second explanation, the founders of Antandrus were exiles from theCycladic island ofAndros, who on being expelled set up a new home called Antandrus, henceἀντ’ Ἄνδρου meaning 'in place of Andros'.

Excavation

[edit]

Until recently, the site of Antandrus had only been subjected to a basicsurface survey,[14] and so there was no archaeological evidence available to determine whether early Greek traditions about a pre-Greek settlement at this site had any historical validity. Recent Turkish excavations at the site may change this picture: finds of Greek pottery from thenecropolis have been announced on the excavation's website which date to the late 8th and early 7th century BC, pre-dating previous surface finds by almost two centuries. Early indications suggest that thematerial culture of Antandrus in this period was overwhelmingly Greek, suggesting that it was already a Greek settlement at this period, rather than an Anatolian community which traded extensively with neighbouring Greek communities.[15] However, firm conclusions regarding this and many other aspects of the site's archaeology must await the final publication of the site report.

History

[edit]

TheLesbian city ofMytilene controlled extensive parts of theTroad in theArchaic period,[16] and soAlcaeus' reference to Antandrus may suggest interest in or control over the city by Mytilene at the turn of the 7th century.[17] Alternatively, the persistent early tradition of the city's Anatolian origins (e.g. inAlcaeus,Herodotus,Demetrius of Scepsis) may indicate that itsAnatolian population remained independent of Mytilene until later in the 6th century BC;[18] the little archaeology which has been done on the site suggests Greek occupation at no earlier a date than this.[14]

The first event in Antandrus' history is when in 512 BCOtanes, thePersiansatrap ofHellespontine Phrygia, captured the city while subduing north-westAsia Minor. Antandrus had access to large amounts oftimber fromMount Ida as well aspitch, making it an ideal location for the construction of large fleets, giving the city strategic importance.[19] In 424 BC during thePeloponnesian War when the city had been captured by exiles fromMytilene, the historianThucydides explains that:[20]

Their plan was to liberate the other cities also, which are known as theActaean cities, and which used to be the possessions ofMytilene, but now were held byAthens, and they attached particular importance to Antandrus. Once they established themselves there it would be easy for them to build ships, since there was timber on the spot, andIda was so close; other supplies would also be available, and, with this base in their hands, they could easily make raids onLesbos, which was not far away, and subdue theAeolian towns on themainland.

This importance is likewise attested byXenophon later in thePeloponnesian War in 409 and 205 BC, and is perhaps reflected inVirgil's choice of the city as the place whereAeneas builds his fleet before setting off to Italy.[21] As late as the 14th century we hear of Antandrus being used by an Ottoman admiral to construct a large fleet of several hundred ships.[22] Having joined theDelian League in 427 BC, when Antandrus first appears in the Athenian tribute lists in 425/42BC, it has an assessment of 8talents, again indicating the city's relative prosperity.[23]

O: female head (Artemis Astyrene?)R: lion head within incuse square, ANTAN this silver diobol was struck in Antandrus in the late 5th century BC
ref.: CNG E-369, 113; Gitbud & Naumann 24, 170

In 411/10 BC Antandrus expelled itsPersian garrison with the help ofPeloponnesian troops who were stationed atAbydos on theHellespont.[24] Having briefly won its freedom, it quickly returned to Persian control, and in 409 BC thePharnabazus constructed a fleet for the Peloponnesians here using the abundant timber of Mount Ida.[25] We do not know how the Persians regained Antandrus, but in 409 BC theSyracusans gained the Antandrians' friendship by helping to rebuild their fortifications, suggesting that a siege had taken place in the previous year.[26] In the summer of 399 BCXenophon'sTen Thousand passed through on their way home from Persia,[27] and he later wrote in hisHellenica of the city's continuing strategic importance during theCorinthian War (395-387 BC).[28]

After theClassical period, references to Antandrus become scarce in surviving sources. The next reference to events at Antandrus comes several centuries later c. 200 BC, when Antandrus was on the route ofDelphicthearodokoi,[29] and in the 2nd century BC an inscription from Antandrus tells us that the city sent judges toPeltai in Phrygia to arbitrate a dispute.[30] From c. 440 - c. 284 BC, Antandrus had minted its own coinage;[31] this began again in the reign of the EmperorTitus (AD 79-81) and continued until the reign ofElagabalus (AD 218-222).[32] In theByzantine period Antandrus was anepiscopal see in themetropolis ofEphesus.[33]

Archaeology

[edit]

In 2018, archaeologists unearthedPithos burials. The Antandrus necropolis served from the eighth century B.C. to the first century A.D.[34] Same year astele was discovered, dating back to the 2nd century BC. It includes a statement related to the commendation of a commander, who was sent to Antandrus by the King ofPergamon Eumenes and his brother Attalus.[35] In 2021, new Pithos burials were discovered.[36] In 2022, tombs from the 3rd, 4th and 5th centuries BC were discovered.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Aristotle,Historia Animalium 519a16.
  2. ^Strabo 13.1.51.
  3. ^A map of the region is available at"Antandros Antik Kenti - Ulaşım Haritası | İletişim". Archived fromthe original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved2011-01-23..
  4. ^Strabo 13.51.1. Cf.Ptolemy,Geographia 5.2.5.
  5. ^H.Kiepert,Zeitschrift d. Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 24 (1889) 298f.
  6. ^Cook (1973) 269-71. Cook provides the best summary of Antandrus' rediscovery in modern times.
  7. ^Alcaeus fr. 337 Voigtap.Strabo 13.51.1.
  8. ^Herodotus 7.42.1, cf.Pomponius Mela 1.92.
  9. ^Thucydides 8.108.3,Stephanus of Byzantium s.v.Ἄντανδρος:ἀπὸ Ἀντάνδρου τοῦ στρατηγοῦ Αἰολέων.
  10. ^Aristotle fr. 483.1ap.Herodian,De Prosodia Catholica III i 96 =Stephanus of Byzantium s.v.Ἄντανδρος:Ἀριστοτέλης φησὶ ταύτην ὠνομάσθαι Ἠδωνίδα διὰ τὸ Θρᾷκας Ἠδωνοὺς ὄντας οἰκῆσαι, καὶ Κιμμερίδα Κιμμερίων ἐνοικούντων ἑκατὸν ἔτη; cf.Pliny the Elder,Naturalis Historia 5.123.Pseudo-Scymnus,Ad Nicomedem Regem 896-9 =Arrian,Periplus Ponti Euxini 47 attests another city in the area of theCimmerian Bosphorus known asΚιμμερίς due to a period of Cimmerian conquest.
  11. ^Demetrius of Scepsis fr. 33 Gaedeap.Strabo 13.51.1.
  12. ^KononFGrHist 26 F 1.41ap.Photios,Bibliotheca 186.41 p.139a Bekker, cf.Pomponius Mela 1.92 (1st century AD),ServiusadVirgil,Aeneid 3.6 (4th century),Etymologicum Genuinum s.v.Ἄντανδρος (9th century).
  13. ^Herodotus 7.42.1,Virgil,Aeneid 3.5-6, cf.Ovid,Metamorphoses 13.626.
  14. ^abCook (1973) 267-71.
  15. ^[1] (Turkish).Archived November 15, 2010, at theWayback Machine
  16. ^Carusi (2003) 21-44.
  17. ^Alcaeus fr. 337 Voigt
  18. ^Carusi (2003) 31.
  19. ^Strabo 13.1.51
  20. ^Thucydides 4.52.3 (trans. Rex Warner).
  21. ^Xenophon,Hellenica 1.1.25-6, 2.1.10,Virgil,Aeneid 3.5-6.
  22. ^P. Lemerle,L’émirat d’Aydin (1957) 96ff.
  23. ^IG I3 71.III.125 (restored),IG I3 77.IV.15, Carusi (2003) 31-2.
  24. ^Thucydides 8.108.4-5,Diodorus Siculus 13.42.4.
  25. ^Xenophon,Hellenica 1.1.25-6. The expulsion is narrated in the penultimate paragraph ofThucydides'History of the Peloponnesian War. In the last paragraph before themanuscript breaks off mid-sentence, the Persian satrapTissaphernes is protesting to the Peloponnesians for having supported the Antandrians (Thucydides 8.109.1); whenXenophon picks up the thread a year or so later, Antandrus has a Persian garrison once more.
  26. ^Xenophon,Hellenica 1.1.26.
  27. ^Xenophon,Anabasis 7.8.7. The Ten Thousand appear to have taken the same cross-country route from the Hellespont across Mount Ida to Antandrus as the Peloponnesian forces fromAbydos did in 411/10 BC, perhaps suggesting an overland route here.
  28. ^Xenophon,Hellenica 4.8.35. HimeriusOr. 42.4 appears to attest the importance of Antandros to Agesilaos around this time.
  29. ^Plassart (1921) 8, Cook (1988) 12.
  30. ^C. Michel,Recueil d'inscriptions grecques no. 668.
  31. ^B. V. Head,Historia Numorum2 541-2,SNG Cop. Troas 213-19.
  32. ^B. V. Head,Historia Numorum 447, W. Wroth,BMC Troad, Aeolis and Lesbos XXXVI-XXXVII.
  33. ^See the various versions of theNotitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae.
  34. ^"Pithos burials found in Antandros".Hürriyet Daily News. September 24, 2018.
  35. ^"Top 10 archaeological discoveries in 2018".Hürriyet Daily News.
  36. ^"Pithos burials found in ancient Antandros".Hürriyet Daily News. August 1, 2021.
  37. ^"Roman-era tombs found around ancient Antandros".Hürriyet Daily News. January 11, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • O. Hirschfeld,RE I (1893) s.v. Antandros (1), col. 2346.
  • A. Plassart, ‘Inscriptions de Delphes: la liste de théorodoques’BCH 45 (1921) 1-85.
  • J.M. Cook,The Troad (Oxford, 1973) 267-71.
  • J.M. Cook, ‘Cities in and around the Troad’ABSA 56 (1988) 7-19.
  • C. Carusi,Isole e Peree in Asia Minore (Pisa, 2003) 31-2.
  • S. Mitchell, 'Antandrus' in M.H. Hansen and T.H. Nielsen (eds.),An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford, 2004) no. 767.

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