Theannunciation to the shepherds is an episode in theNativity of Jesus described in theBible inLuke 2, in whichangels tell a group ofshepherds about the birth ofJesus. It is a common subject ofChristian art and ofChristmas carols.
As described in verses 8–20 of the second chapter of theGospel of Luke, shepherds were tending their flocks out in the countryside nearBethlehem, when they were terrified by the appearance of anangel. The angel explains that he has a message of good news for all people, namely that "Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a sign to you: You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger."[1]
After this, a great many more angels appear, praising God with the words "Glory to God in the highest heaven, and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests."[2] Deciding to do as the angel had said, the shepherds travel to Bethlehem, and findMary andJoseph and the infantJesus lying in themanger, just as they had been told. Theadoration of the shepherds follows.
TheKing James Version of the Bible translates the words of the angels differently from modern versions, using the words "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men".[3] MostChristmas carols reflect this older translation, with "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear", for example, using the words "Peace on the earth, good will to men, / From Heaven's all gracious King."
The disparity reflects a dispute about theGreek text of theNew Testament involving a single letter.[4] The Greek text accepted by most modern theological scholars today[5][6] uses the wordsepi gēs eirēnē en anthrōpois eudokias (ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας),[7] literally "on earth peace to men of good will", with the last word being in thegenitive case[6] (apparently reflecting a Semitic idiom that reads strangely in Greek[6]). Most ancient manuscripts of the Greek New Testament have this reading. The original version of the ancientCodex Sinaiticus (denoted א* by scholars[7][8]) has this reading,[5] but it has been altered by erasure of the last letter[4][9] toepi gēs eirēnē en anthrōpois eudokia (ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκία), literally "on earth (first subject: peace) to men (second subject: good will)," with two subjects in thenominative case.[6] Expressed in standard English, this gives the familiar "Peace on earth, good will to men" of many ancient Christmas carols.
Even though some other ancient Greek manuscripts (and many medieval ones) agree with the editedCodex Sinaiticus, most modern religious scholars and Bible translators accept the reading of the majority of ancient manuscripts,[5] translating as "on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests"[2] (NIV) or "on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased"[10] (ESV).
TheDouay-Rheims Bible, translated from the LatinVulgate, derives from the same Greek text as the originalCodex Sinaiticus, but renders it "on earth peace to men of good will".[11] In theNew American Bible, this is updated to "on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests".[12][13]
It is generally considered significant that this message was given to shepherds, who were located on the lower rungs of the social ladder in first-century Judea. Contrasting with the more powerful characters mentioned in theNativity, such as the EmperorAugustus, they seem to reflectMary's words in theMagnificat: "He has brought down rulers from their thrones but has lifted up the humble."[14]The shepherds, taken as Jewish, also combine with theGentileThree Magi, in later tradition thought to be one each from the three continents then known, to represent the first declaration of the Christian message to all the peoples of the world.
The phrase "peace to men on whom his favor rests" has been interpreted both as expressing a restriction to a particular group of people that God has chosen[15] and inclusively, as God displaying favor to the world.[16]
Initially depicted only as part of a broaderNativity scene, the annunciation to the shepherds became an independent subject for art in the 9th century,[18] but has remained relatively uncommon as such, except in extended cycles with many scenes. The standardByzantine depiction, still used inEastern Orthodoxicons to the present, is to show the scene in the background of aNativity, typically on the right, while theThree Magi approach on the left. This is also very common in the West, though the Magi are very often omitted. For example, the 1485Adoration of the shepherds scene byDomenico Ghirlandaio includes the annunciation to the shepherds peripherally, in the upper left corner, even though it represents an episode occurring prior to the main scene. Similarly, in theNativity at Night ofGeertgen tot Sint Jans, the annunciation to the shepherds is seen on a hillside through an opening in the stable wall.
Scenes showing the shepherds at the side of the crib are a different subject, formally known as theAdoration of the shepherds. This is very commonly combined with theAdoration of the Magi, which makes for a balanced composition, as the two groups often occupy opposite sides of the image space around the central figures, and fitted with the theological interpretation of the episode, where the two groups represented the peoples of the world between them. This combination is first found in the 6th-centuryMonza ampullae made in Palestine.
The landscape varies, though scenes in the background of aNativity very often show the shepherds on a steep hill, making visual sense of their placement above the main Nativity scene. The number of shepherds shown varies also,[18] though three is typical in the West; one or more dogs may be included, as in theTaddeo Gaddi (right, with red collar). The annunciation to the shepherds became less common as an independent subject in the late Middle Ages,[18] but depictions continued in later centuries. Famous depictions byAbraham Hondius andRembrandt exist. Along with theAgony in the Garden and theArrest of Christ the scene was one of those used most often in the development of the depiction of night scenes, especially in 15th centuryEarly Netherlandish painting and manuscript illustration (see illustrations here and theGeertgen tot Sint Jans linked above).
InRenaissance art, drawing on classical stories ofOrpheus, the shepherds are sometimes depicted with musical instruments.[19] A charming but atypical miniature in theLa Flora Hours inNaples shows the shepherds playing to theInfant Jesus, as a delighted Virgin Mary stands to one side.
Christmas cantatas often deal with the Annunciation. It features prominently in both Bach'sUnd es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend, Part II of Bach'sChristmas Oratorio, and inPart I of Handel'sMessiah.
ManyChristmas carols mention the annunciation to the shepherds, with theGloria in Excelsis Deo being the most ancient.Phillips Brooks' "O Little Town of Bethlehem" (1867) has the lines "O morning stars together, proclaim the holy birth, / And praises sing to God the King, and peace to men on earth!" The originally German carol "Silent Night" has "Shepherds quake at the sight; / Glories stream from heaven afar, / Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia!" However, this is a free translation of the German, which says "Hirten erst kund gemacht / durch der Engel Halleluja ... That is "Shepherds heard the news first, through (by means of) the angels' Halleluja. No mention of shepherds quailing or quaking, nor of 'Glories streaming from heaven afar'. The German does go on to say the song sounds loudly from far and near - "tönt es laut von fern und nah ..."
The episode plays a much greater role inCharles Wesley's "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (1739), which begins:
Hark! The herald angels sing,
"Glory to the newborn King;
Peace on earth, and mercy mild,
God and sinners reconciled!"
Joyful, all ye nations rise,
Join the triumph of the skies;
With th'angelic host proclaim,
"Christ is born in Bethlehem!"
Nahum Tate's well-known carol "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks" (1700) is entirely devoted to describing the annunciation to the shepherds, and the episode is also significant in "The First Nowell",Angels from the Realms of Glory, the originally French carol "Angels We Have Heard on High", and several others.
The carol "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day", written byHenry Wadsworth Longfellow during theAmerican Civil War, reflects on the phrase "Peace on earth, good will to men" in a pacifist sense, as does "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear".[20]
The German carol "Kommet, ihr Hirten" (Come, you Shepherds) reflects the Annunciation and the Adoration of the shepherds.
The phrase "Peace on earth, good will to men" has been widely used in a variety of contexts. For example,Samuel Morse's farewell message in 1871 read "Greetings and thanks to the telegraph fraternity throughout the world. Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will to men. – S. F. B. Morse."[21]
The 1939 post-apocalyptic filmPeace on Earth, along with its 1955 remakeGood Will to Men, use the annunciation as a central theme and inspiration for the films' titles.
Linus van Pelt recites the scene verbatim at the climax ofA Charlie Brown Christmas, explaining that "that's what Christmas is all about,Charlie Brown".
The novelty song "I Yust Go Nuts at Christmas" uses the line to juxtapose the meaning of the holiday with the often chaotic nature of the celebrations; asGabriel Heatter preaches the annunciation of peace and good will, "(just) at that moment, someone slugs Uncle Ben."
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