Anne of Austria (French:Anne d'Autriche;Spanish:Ana de Austria; born Ana María Mauricia; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) wasQueen of France from 1615 to 1643 by marriage to KingLouis XIII. She was alsoQueen of Navarre until the kingdom's annexation into the French crown in 1620. After her husband's death, Anne was regent to her sonLouis XIV during his minority until 1651.
Anne was born inValladolid to KingPhilip III of Spain andMargaret of Austria. She was betrothed to King Louis XIII of France in 1612 and they married three years later. The two had a difficult marital relationship, exacerbated by her miscarriages and the anti-Habsburg stance of Louis' first minister,Cardinal Richelieu. Despite a climate of distrust amidst theFranco-Spanish War and twenty-three years of childlessness in which she suffered five miscarriages, Anne gave birth to an heir, Louis, in 1638 and a second son,Philippe two years later.
When Louis XIII died in 1643, Anne outmaneuvered her opponents to become sole regent to her four-year-old son, Louis XIV, and appointedCardinal Mazarin as chief minister.The Fronde, a major revolt by the French nobility against Anne and Mazarin's government, broke out but was ultimately suppressed. In 1651, Anne's regency formally ended when Louis was declared of age. Accounts of French court life of her era emphasize her closeness to her son, and her disapproval of his infidelity to her niece and daughter-in-lawMaria Theresa.[1] She retired from active politics in 1661 and moved to the convent she had commissioned,Val-de-Grâce, where she died of breast cancer five years later.
Born at theBenavente Palace [es] inValladolid,Spain, and baptised Ana María Mauricia, she was the eldest daughter of KingPhilip III of Spain and his wifeMargaret of Austria.[2][3] She held the titles ofInfanta of Spain and of Portugal (since her father wasking of Portugal as well as Spain) and Archduchess of Austria. Despite her Spanish birth, she was referred to as Anne of Austria because the rulers of Spain belonged to the senior branch of theHouse of Austria,[4] known later as the House of Habsburg, a designation relatively uncommon before the 19th century.
Anne was raised mainly at theRoyal Alcázar of Madrid. Unusually for a royal princess, Anne grew up close to her parents, who were very religious.[5] She was raised to be religious too, and was often taken to visit monasteries during her childhood.[6] In 1611, she lost her mother, who died in childbirth.[7] Despite her grief, Anne did her best to take care of her younger siblings, who referred to her with affection as their mother.
At age eleven, Anne was betrothed to KingLouis XIII of France.[8] Her father gave her adowry of 500,000 crowns and many beautiful jewels.[8][9] For fear that Louis XIII would die early, the Spanish court stipulated that she would return to Spain with her dowry, jewels, and wardrobe if he did die.[10] Prior to the marriage, Anne renounced all succession rights she had for herself and her descendants by Louis, with a provision that she would resume her rights should she be left a childless widow. On 18 October 1615, Louis and Anne weremarried by proxy inBurgos while Louis's sister,Elisabeth of France, and Anne's brother,Philip IV of Spain, were married by proxy inBordeaux.[11] These marriages followed the tradition of cementing military and political alliances between France and Spain that began with the marriage ofPhilip II of Spain toElisabeth of Valois in 1559 as part of thePeace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Anne and Elisabeth were exchanged on theIsle of Pheasants betweenHendaye andFuenterrabía.[12] She was lively and beautiful during her youth.[13][14] She was also a notedequestrian, a taste her son, Louis, would inherit. At the time, Anne had many admirers, including the handsomeDuke of Buckingham, although her intimates believed their flirtations remained chaste.[15] HistorianDesmond Seward alleges that during his 1625 visit to France, when the French court took official leave of the English embassy atAmiens, "Buckingham climbed into a private garden where the Queen was taking an evening walk", and "may even have tried to rape her", although "Anne's shrieks summoned her attendants."[16]
Anne and Louis, both fourteen years old, were pressured to consummate their marriage in order to forestall any possibility of futureannulment,[13] but Louis ignored his bride.[17] Louis's mother,Marie de' Medici, continued to conduct herself as queen of France, without showing any deference to her daughter-in-law. Anne, surrounded by her entourage of high-born Spanishladies-in-waiting headed byInés de la Torre,[18] continued to live according to Spanish etiquette and failed to improve her French.
In 1617, Louis conspired with his favouriteCharles d'Albert de Luynes to dispense with the influence of his mother in a palacecoup d'état and had her favouriteConcino Concini assassinated on 26 April of that year. During the years he was in the ascendancy Luynes attempted to remedy the formal distance between Louis and his queen. He sent away Inés de la Torre and the other Spanish ladies and replaced them with French ones, notably the Princess of Conti (Louise Marguerite of Lorraine) and his wifeMarie de Rohan,[19] with whom he organized court events that would bring the couple together under amiable circumstances. Anne began to dress in the French manner and, in 1619, Luynes pressed the king to bed his queen.[20] Some affection developed, to the point where it was noted that Louis was distracted during a serious illness of the queen.
A series of miscarriages disenchanted the king and served to chill their relations. On 14 March 1622, while playing with her ladies, Anne fell and suffered her second stillbirth. Louis blamed her for the incident and was angry with Marie de Rohan, now the Dowager Duchess of Luynes, for having encouraged the queen in what was seen as negligence.[21] The king's already strained relationship with the duchess[22] worsened after the incident, leading him to demand her departure from the court.[23] However, Rohan returned just a few months later with her new husbandClaude, Duke of Chevreuse.[24]
Louis turned now toCardinal Richelieu as his advisor, who served as his first minister from 1624 until his death in 1642. Richelieu's foreign policy of struggle against the Habsburgs, who surrounded France on two fronts, inevitably created tension between Louis and Anne, who remained childless for another sixteen years.
Under the influence of Marie de Rohan, the queen let herself be drawn into political opposition to Richelieu and became embroiled in several intrigues against his policies. Vague rumours of betrayal circulated in the court, notably her supposed involvement, first, with theChalais conspiracy that Marie organized in 1626, and then those of the king's treacherous favorite,Cinq-Mars, who had been introduced to him by Richelieu.
In 1626, the Cardinal placedMadeleine du Fargis asDame d'atour in the household of the queen to act as a spy, but she was instead to become a trusted confidant and favourite of the queen. In December 1630, Louis XIII reduced Anne's court and purged a great amount of her favourites as punishment for a plot in which the queen had cooperated with queen dowager Marie de' Medici in an attempt to depose Cardinal Richelieu, and among those fired wereMadame de Motteville and Madeleine du Fargis.[25] Queen Anne asked the Cardinal to intervene so that she might keep du Fargis. When he refused, she swore that she would never forgive him.[25][26] Du Fargis left for Brussels, where her spouse had sided with the king's brotherGaston, Duke of Orléans against the monarch. After the invasion of Gaston in 1632, letters were discovered from du Fargis to people in Paris describing the plans of a marriage between Gaston and Anne after the death of Louis XIII.[27] Anne was questioned and confirmed that the letters were written by du Fargis, but denied any knowledge of the plans.[28]
In 1635, Francedeclared war on Spain, placing the queen in an untenable position.[29] Her secret correspondence with her brotherPhilip IV of Spain was not the only communication she had with the Spanish. She also corresponded with the Spanish ambassador Mirabel and the governor of theSpanish Netherlands.[30] With the assistance of Anne's servant La Porte, who acted as courier, Madeleine du Fargis and Marie de Rohan acted as agents for her secret correspondence and channelled her letters to other contacts.[31] In July 1637, Anne gave du Fargis the mission to examine whether there was any truth to the rumour of an alliance between France andEngland, as this would force Spain to cut off diplomatic connections to France and disturb her network of couriers between the Spanish embassies of Paris and Brussels.[32]
On 11 August 1637, Anne came under so much suspicion that Richelieu issued an investigation. Her courier La Porte as well as the abbess of Anne's favourite convent Val-de-Grâce (where Anne had written many of her secret letters) were questioned and admitted to having participated in channelling the queen's secret correspondence.[33] Anne initially swore on the Holy Sacrament that she had participated in no illegal correspondence, but finally admitted her guilt on 15 August.[34] On 17 August, Queen Anne was forced to sign covenants regarding her correspondence, which was henceforth open to inspection; she was further banned from visiting convents without permission and was never to be left alone but was always to be in the presence of one of her ladies-in-waiting.[35] This was soon followed up by a purge of her household, where those officials loyal to the queen were replaced by those loyal to the king and the Cardinal. Consequently, count Jean de Galard de Bearn de Brassac, known to be loyal to Richelieu, was appointed chamberlain of her household, and his spouseCatherine de Brassac replacedMarie-Catherine de Senecey as herPremière dame d'honneur to keep the queen and her household under control.[36]
They saw in the arms of this princess whom they had watched suffer great persecutions with so much staunchness, their child-King, like a gift given by Heaven in answer to their prayers.
Despite a climate of distrust, the queen became pregnant once more, a circumstance attributed to a single stormy night in December 1637[a] or, as historians deem more likely, to a royal tour that occurred sometime during the previous month.[b]Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638, an event that secured the Bourbon line. At this time, Anne was 37.[37] The official newspaperGazette de France called the birth "a marvel when it was least expected".[37]
The birth of a living son failed to re-establish confidence between the royal couple. However, she conceived again fifteen months later. AtSaint-Germain-en-Laye on 21 September 1640, Anne gave birth to her second son,Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, who later founded the modernHouse of Orléans. Both of her children were placed under the supervision of the royal governessFrançoise de Lansac, who was disliked by Anne and loyal to the king and the cardinal.[42]
Richelieu made Louis XIII a gift of his palatial hôtel, thePalais Cardinal, north of the Louvre, in 1636, but the king never took possession of it. Anne left theLouvre Palace to install herself there with her two small sons and remained as regent, hence the name Palais-Royal that the structure still carries.
Anne of Austria widow, byCharles de Steuben,Versailles. She never lost her love for magnificent jewellery, and she especially loved bracelets, which emphasized her famously beautiful hands.
Upon Louis' death in 1643, Anne was namedregent, despite his attempts to prevent her from obtaining the position. With the aid ofPierre Séguier, she had theParlement of Paris revoke the will of the late king, which would have limited her powers.[citation needed] Their four-year-old son was crowned King Louis XIV of France. Anne assumed the regency but to general surprise entrusted the government to the chief minister,Cardinal Mazarin, who was a protégé of Cardinal Richelieu and figured among the council of the regency. Mazarin took up residence at the Palais Royal near Queen Anne. Before long he was believed to be her lover, and, it was hinted, even her husband.[citation needed]
With Mazarin's support, Anne overcame the aristocratic revolt, led byLouis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, that became known as theFronde. In 1651, when her son Louis XIV officially came of age, her regency legally ended. However, she kept much power and influence over her son until the death of Mazarin.[citation needed]
In January 1648, while acting as regent, Anne received a request on behalf of artists who were affiliated with the crown or aristocracy. The artists, led by painterCharles Le Brun, wanted independence from the monopoly control of theguild, which fined the artists or seized their work. The painters and sculptors petitioned Louis XIV and the Queen Regent to form a new organization. They wanted to found an academy that would be for thevisual arts whatAcadémie Française was forFrench literature; this was to become theAcadémie Royale.[48]
Anne's regency formally ended in 1651, when Louis XIV was declared of legal majority at the age of thirteen.
In 1659, the war with Spain ended with theTreaty of the Pyrenees. The following year, peace was cemented by the marriage of the young king to Anne's niece, the Spanish Habsburg princessMaria Theresa of Spain. In 1661, the same year as the death of Mazarin, an heir to the throne was born, Anne's first grandchildLouis. Many other children would follow, but all in the legitimate line would die except for Louis.
Anne had issues a lump and pain in her breast since 1663, but didn't receive treatment until October 1664 when she started appearingjaundiced.[49] PhysicianAntoine Vallot started treating her for breast cancer, which had spread to her liver and caused her jaundice. The medical knowledge at the time was thatblack bile was causing the cancer, so physicians treated her withbleedings,laxatives,lead,quicksilver poultice,astringents, andsalves.[50] After Vallot lanced open a tumor under her arm, she nearly passed but Anne was quoted byFrançoise Bertaut de Motteville as saying "Death is so close that when I see the end of another day it seems to me a miracle which I had not expected".[51] She retired to the convent ofVal-de-Grâce and passed from her cancer on January 20th, 1666.[52][53]
As part of her role as a member of French royalty, Anne visited churches and convents across France, where she met Marguerite de Veny d'Arbouze at the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce de la-Ville-d'Evêque. As well as securing from the King the position of Abbess at the Benedictine Val-de-Grâce de Notre-Dame-de-la-Crèche for Marguerite in 1618, Anne purchased lands and transferred the convent to Paris in 1621. She was named the new foundress of the convent in the same year. Her patronage included the building of a small church and an apartment for herself between 1620 and 1625, against the wishes of both Louis and Cardinal Richelieu.[54]
TheVal-de-Grâce was commissioned by Anne in 1645, which was undertaken initially by Francois Mansart, who was dismissed in 1646 and succeeded by Jacques Lemercier. This church became Anne's main place of worship and would later gain dynastic significance during the Fronde when she was queen regent. In 1662, she acquired the heart of her ancestor, Anne Elizabeth of France, and placed it in theChapel of Saint Anne. In 1666, Anne's own body was interred next to Louis XIII's at theBasilica of St Denis in Paris,[55] but her heart in theChapel of Saint Sacrament,[56] alongside the body of Marguerite d'Arbouze.[57]
She appears in a French film based on the life of Louis XIV,Le Roi danse, portrayed by Collette Emmanuelle, and King Louis portrayed byBenoît Magimel (2000).
She first appears as a character in theDinosaur King season two episode "The French Conniption" as a young teen along with a young King Louis and others.
She appeared inLegends of Tomorrow's second-season premiere episode "Out of Time", played by Rebecca Roberts.
She appeared in final episode of the third season of seriesAs If, played by Yeşim Ceylan.
^According to a contemporary account,[38] on the night of 5 December 1637, the King was caught in a storm in the centre of Paris and was unable to reach his own bed, which had been arranged for him at theCondé estate inSaint-Maur, south-east ofVincennes. Cut off from his household staff, he was persuaded by the Captain of the Queen's Guard to spend the night at the Louvre; as a result, the King and Queen ate together and, since there was no royal bed available except the Queen's, slept together as well, resulting in Louis XIV's birth exactly nine months later.[39][40]
^The reliableLa Gazette recorded that the royal couple lodged inSt Germain from 9 November till 1 December 1637, before heading to Paris. On 2 December, the King travelled from Paris toCrosne–instead of Saint-Maur–whence he went toVersailles on 5 December while the Queen remained in Paris. Kleinman contends that the King might well have stopped over in Paris on his way to Versailles, but even if he had spent the night of 5 December with the Queen, it doesn't imply this was the first time they shared a bed since August. The Queen's doctor,Charles Bouvard, calculated that her pregnancy had begun at the end of November.[41]
Kleinman, Ruth (1993) [First published 1985. Columbus: Ohio State University Press (in English)].Anne d'Autriche (in French). Paris: Fayard.ISBN978-2-2130-3030-2.
Mansel, Philip (2020).King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV. University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-69089-6.
Mignot, Claude (2001).Le Val-de-Grâce : l'ermitage d'une Reine (in French) ([Réimpr.] ed.). Paris: CNRS Éditions. p. 112.ISBN978-2-2710-5144-8.
"Map of the tombs in the Basilica of Saint Denis".tourisme93.com. Seine-Saint-Denis Tourism. [Scroll down to: Figures whose effigies were destroyed or were never made]. Retrieved8 December 2024.Anne of Austria † 1666
La Varende, Jean de (1938).Anne d' Autriche: femme de Louis XIII. Paris: Les Éditions de France.OCLC34567717. 2014 reprint:ISBN9782851577269.
Mallick, Oliver (2011). "Freundin oder Gönnerin? Anna von Österreich im Spiegel ihrer Korrespondenz", in:Freundschaft. Eine politisch-soziale Beziehung in Deutschland und Frankreich, 12.–19. Jahrhundert (8. Sommerkurs des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Paris-Sorbonne, der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und der École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 3.–6. Juli 2011), ed. by Bertrand Haan, Christian Kühner (discussions, 8).Online at perspectivia.net
Mallick, Oliver (2013). "Clients and Friends: The Ladies-in-waiting at the Court of Anne of Austria (1615–1666)", inThe Politics of Female Households. Ladies-in-Waiting across Early Modern Europe, ed. by Nadine N. Akkerman, Birgit Houben, Leiden: Brill, p. 231–264.
Mallick, Oliver (2016). "Au service de la reine. Anne d'Autriche et sa maison (1616–1666)", in:www.cour-de-france.de.Online at cour-de-france.fr
Mallick, Oliver (2016). 'Spiritus intus agit'. Die Patronagepolitik der Anna von Österreich 1643–1666. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Robiquet, Paul (1912).Le coeur d'une Reine. Anne d'Autriche, Louis XIII et Mazarin. Paris: Felix Alcan.
Vignal Souleyreau, Marie-Catherine (2006).Anne d' Autriche: La jeunesse d' une souveraine. Paris: Flammarion.
Generations are numbered by male-line descent fromFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.
* also an infanta of Spain and an archduchess of Austria,**also an imperial princess of Brazil,***also a princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess in Saxony,◙Also a princess of Braganza,ƒtitle of pretense
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