A dish called "Duck, Duck, Duck" because the three parts come from the complex body of the duck: duck eggs, duckconfit and roast duck breastVarieties of goat cheese
The wordanimals includes all species in thebiological kingdom Animalia, except humans. This includes, for example,tetrapods,arthropods, andmollusks. Generally, products made from decomposed animals, such aspetroleum, or crops grown in soilfertilized with animal remains or manure are not characterized as animal products. Products sourced from humans (e.g. breast milk) are not typically classified as animal products.
Increased production and consumption over the past 50 years has led to widespread environmental andanimal welfare impacts. These range from being linked to 80% ofAmazonian deforestation[3] to the welfare implications of usingchick culling shredders on live day old-chicks for 7 billion of them each year.[4]
Several popular diet patterns prohibit the inclusion of some categories of animal products and may also limit the conditions of when other animal products may be permitted. This includes but not limited tosecular diets; like,vegetarian,pescetarian, andpaleolithic diets, as well asreligious diets, such askosher,halal,mahayana,macrobiotic, andsattvic diets. Other diets, such asvegan-vegetarian diets and all its subsets exclude any material of animal origin.[5] Scholarly, the termanimal source foods (ASFs) has been used to refer to these animal products and by-products collectively.[6]
In international trade legislation, the terminologyproducts of animal origin (POAO) is used for referring to foods and goods that are derived from animals or have close relation to them.[7]
Livestock production requires large areas of land.
Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold.[8] Meanwhile, meat consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock.[9] Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually.[10] It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water,[11] Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land.[12] Livestock production contributes to speciesextinction,desertification,[13] andhabitat destruction.[14] and is the primary driver of theHolocene extinction.[15][16][17][18][19] Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry.[20] Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of thedeforestation in the Amazon region.[21] In addition, livestock producegreenhouse gases. Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day,[22] that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overallmethane emissions of the planet.[23] Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions ofnitrous oxide.[23][24][25]
Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned aboutthe welfare of farm animals. Possible measures of welfare includelongevity,behavior,physiology,reproduction, freedom fromdisease, and freedom fromimmunosuppression. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form ofutilitarianism: that it ismorally acceptable for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is thatanimals have rights, should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans.[26][27][28][29][30]Live export of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in theMiddle East. Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003.[31]
Farmed animals needs to eat more food than their products can deliver. Net animal losses are the difference between the calories in human-edible crops fed to animals and the calories returned in meat, dairy and fish. These losses are higher than all other conventional food losses combined.[32] This is because on average livestock eat more human-edible food than their products provide. Research estimated that if the US would eat all human-edible plant food instead of feeding it to animals in order to eat their meat, dairy and eggs, it would free up enough food to feed an additional 350 million people.[33] At a global level livestock is fed an average of 1738 kcal/person/day of human-edible food, and just 594 kcal/p/d of animal products return to the human food supply, a net loss of 66%.[34]
Animal by-products, as defined by the USDA, are products harvested or manufactured from livestock other than muscle meat.[35] In the EU, animal by-products (ABPs) are defined somewhat more broadly, as materials from animals that people do not consume.[36] Thus, chicken eggs for human consumption are considered by-products in the US but not France; whereas eggs destined for animal feed are classified as animal by-products in both countries. This does not in itself reflect on the condition, safety, or wholesomeness of the product.
Animal by-products arecarcasses and parts of carcasses from slaughterhouses, animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians, and products of animal origin not intended for human consumption, including catering waste. These products may go through a process known asrendering to be made into human and non-human foodstuffs, fats, and other material that can be sold to make commercial products such as cosmetics, paint, cleaners, polishes, glue, soap and ink. The sale of animal by-products allows themeat industry to compete economically with industries selling sources of vegetable protein.[37]
Slaughterhouse waste is defined as animal body parts cut off in the preparation of carcasses for use as food. This waste can come from several sources, includingslaughterhouses,restaurants, stores andfarms. In the UK, slaughterhouse waste is classed as category 3 risk waste in theAnimal By-Products Regulations, with the exception of condemned meat which is classed as category 2 risk.
The leftover pieces that come from the process of stripping meat from animals tends to get used for different purposes. One of them is to put these parts into pet food.[38] Many large, well-known pet food brands use animal by-products as protein sources in their recipes. This can include animal feet, livers, lungs, heads, spleens, etc or an admixture in the form ofmeat and bone meal. These organs are usually not eaten by humansdepending on culture, but are safe and nutritious for pets regardless. By-products can also include bad-looking pieces. They are always cooked (rendered) to kill pathogens.[38]
Just under half of all animal products in pet food is still human consumable,[39] and some pet food makers advertise the lack of by-products to appeal to buyers, a move criticized for contributing tofood waste and reducingsustainability.[40]
Carmine, derived from crushedcochineal beetles, is a red or purple substance commonly used in food products.[41] It is common in food products such as juice, candy, and yogurt.[42][43] The presence of carmine in these products has been a source of controversy.[44][45] One major source of controversy was the use of carmine in Starbucks frappuccinos.[46][47] Carmine is an allergen according to the FDA.[48] It takes about 70,000 female insects to produce a pound of dye.[49]
Insects (some edible insects are consumed whole or made into a powder, likecricket flour. The flours are then used to make products like insect fitness bars or burger patties.)
Skins (remaining skin scraps as a by-product of meat production or fat rendering are made profitable by being fried/roasted and sold as snacks, like;gribenes,rinds,scratchings, andrambak)
Soft roe, also known as "white roe" (commonly fried, used as an ingredient in a larger dish, or used as a condiment in some European and Asian countries)
Whey (found in cheese and added to many other products)
Blood and someblood substitutes (blood used fortransfusions is always human in origin, though some blood substitutes are made from animal sources. Many diagnostic laboratory tests use animal or human sourced reagents)
Casein (used in plastics, clothing, cosmetics, adhesives and paint)
Castoreum (secretion of thebeaver used in perfumes and possibly in food flavoring)
Pearl ormother of pearl (Treated as a precious gem for making jewelry or adorning clothing & accessories.Pearl powder is used as a natural skincare product for hydrating & healing the skin as well as lightening, brightening and maintaining youthfulness of the complexion)
Snail Mucin (used in topical medications and skincare products as a treatment for lesions and acne or as an antioxidant to brighten and hydrate the skin)
^McAfee, Alison J.; McSorley, Emeir M.; Cuskelly, Geraldine J.; Moss, Bruce W.; Wallace, Julie M. W.; Bonham, Maxine P.; Fearon, Anna M. (January 2010). "Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits".Meat Science.84 (1):1–13.doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029.PMID20374748.
