Angra do Heroísmo (Portuguese pronunciation:[ˈɐ̃ɡɾɐðueɾuˈiʒmu]ⓘ), or simplyAngra,[1][2] is a city and municipality onTerceira Island,Portugal, and one of the three capital cities of theAzores. Founded in 1478, Angra was historically the most important city in the Azores, as seat of theBishop of the Azores, government entities, and having previously served as thecapital city of Portugal during theLiberal Wars. The population in 2011 was 35,402,[3] in an area of 239.00 km2.[4] It was classified as aWorld Heritage site byUNESCO in 1983.
Angra is thePortuguese word for "inlet", "cove", or "bay". The epithetdo Heroísmo ("of Heroism", "the Heroic") was granted to the city byMaria II to commemorate its citizens'successful defense of the island against aMiguelist assault in 1829.[2] The full name of the city is theVery Noble, Loyal and Ever Steadfast City of Angra do Heroísmo (Portuguese:Muito Nobre, Leal e Sempre Constante Cidade de Angra do Heroísmo).
1595 Engraving by Jan Huygen van Linschoten, showing the extensive cultivated lands of the Achada Plain and the nucleus of the village of AngraAngra do Heroísmo as seen in 1671An engraving of Angra showing the Fort of São João Baptista
The first references to the settlement of the Azores date to between 1439 and 1449, through the donation ofHenry the Navigator the colonization of seven islands in the central and eastern groups of the archipelago. Terceira, included in this group, would be administered by Jácome de Bruges as stipulated in the nomination process, dated March 1450, that included not only the settlement of the lands, but also the milling monopoly, ovens, salt concession, land rights in the name of the monarchy, tithes, administration of justice, and rights of succession including the exceptional provision for materlineal succession. But, the great difficulty in attracting settlers meant that by 22 August 1460, the island was still unpopulated.
The site chosen by the first settlers was a ridgeline, which opened, like an amphitheatre, onto two small bays, separated by a peninsula, at the head of which stood theextinct volcano ofMonte Brasil. One of these coves was deep enough (around 40 m or 130 ft) to provide an anchorage for large vessels, and it had the further advantage of being sheltered from most strong winds, except for those from the south and southeast.
In 1474,Álvaro Martins Homem ordered that the river flowing into the cove be diverted into a manmade stone-lined channel, running downhill, so that its rushing waters could be harnessed to turn thewaterwheel of a mill. This laid the foundation for the futureeconomic development of the village of Angra. At the same time, this allowed the area on either side of the river's course to be rearranged according to a rectilinear street-plan and organized into neighborhoods by function (commercial, residential, etc.), to accommodate the needs of the fast-growing port. The first houses of Angra were built on the hillside above the cove, the steep streets winding down to the shore. On high ground, away from the sea, a castle/stronghold/fortress was begun; it would eventually be namedCastelo dos Moinhos (English:Castle of the Mills). By 1534, Angra was the firsttown in the archipelago to be elevated to the status ofcity. In the same year, it was chosen byPope Paul III to be the seat of theDiocese of Angra, with ecclesiastical authority over all of the islands of theAzores.
The commercial port of early Angra played an important role in the PortugueseEast Indies trade beginning in the 15th century. The bay of Angra was often full ofcaravels andgalleons, a circumstance that contributed to the progress of the city and its people. The construction of a number of manors, convents, churches, and military fortifications in Angra, infrastructures that were usually inappropriate for a small city (or small island) indicates the important role that Angra played in trans-Atlantic shipping for the Portuguese. The Portuguese noblemanPero Anes do Canto (1480–1556), who was born atGuimarães, was the superintendent of fortifications on Terceira. For his competency in that role, and other services to the Portuguese Crown, he was rewarded with the titlemoço fidalgo (knight-gentleman), and the high office of "Purveyor to the Armada of the Islands and the merchant vessels of the East India trade in all of the islands of the Azores" (a hereditary title that followed successive members of the Canto family for three hundred years). The importance and power of the Cantos can hardly be overstated. During the period when Portugal was trading with its Asian, African, and South American colonies, they were responsible for the protection and welfare of the merchant fleet (and the staggering wealth represented by the cargoes in their holds) once the ships approached the last leg of their voyages in the North Atlantic. They were also responsible for acting as the chief customs official, the chief magistrate charged with resolving disputes, and the overseer of the naval defenses of the Azores.
After Alcântara, he attempted to rule Portugal from the Azores, where he established an opposition government in Angra do Heroísmo that lasted until 1583. Although for a time he was the monarch (minting coin and conferring titles), his government on Terceira was only recognized in the Azores, and from that place of refuge, António conducted a popular resistance movement opposed to the recognition of a foreign king. He was supported by a number of French adventurers underFilippo di Piero Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France, as well as Portuguese patriots, some of whom came to the Azores to assist him directly.
Battle of Salga Bay
The first military action in the Azores occurred about a year after António's crushing defeat at Alcântara. A Spanish fleet of ten warships, commanded by Pedro Valdez, bombarded Angra on 5 July 1581, then began investigating the coast of the island in search of the best landing places. At dawn on 25 July, the first ships loaded with Spanish troops anchored in Salga Bay, about twelve kilometres east of Angra's harbour in the village ofVila de São Sebastião. A coastwatcher, stationed at the cape called Ponta do Coelho, gave the alarm, but when the first Portuguese forces arrived about one thousand Castilians had already landed and had started to sack the surrounding villages. In this phase of the fighting, according to local accounts of the action, a leading role was played by young and pretty Brianda Pereira who, together with other women, attacked the enemy with farm implements when she saw her house destroyed.
By midmorning, the Spaniards were sweeping the coast with their artillery, and the fighting was fierce. About midday, when the outcome of the battle was still unsettled, an Augustinianfriar called Pedro, who was taking an active part in the struggle, thought of the stratagem of driving cattle against the Spaniards so as to scatter them. Over a thousand head of cattle were quickly gathered and, by means of shouts and musket shots, driven against the enemy positions. The disconcerted Spaniards fell back and were pursued to the shore, where almost all of them lost their lives in the fighting or drowned while trying to reach their boats. This unconventional victory, the Battle of Salga Bay, proved that António could count on a good deal of local support.
Battle of Ponta Delgada
The next major military action did not take place until the following summer.Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, was sent in 1582, as "Admiral of the Ocean", to drive the pretender and his supporters from Angra and the Azores. Badly outnumbered, he won theBattle of Ponta Delgada on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island ofSão Miguel, against a loose confederation of Portuguese, French, English, and Dutchprivateers.
Battle of Terceira
Although António's fleet was completely defeated at the Battle of Ponta Delgada, the pretender did flee into exile in France after the battle. His supporters were subsequently defeated the following year at theBattle of Terceira, near Angra, on 27 July 1583, which allowed Philip's forces to finally occupy the Azores and complete his unification of the Crowns of Spain and Portugal. Yet, Santa Cruz, the Spanish admiral, who was acclaimed for his victories against theHouse of Aviz and its partisans in the Azores, recognized that England presented a grave threat to Spain's empire, and he became a zealous advocate of war with the English. A letter he wrote to Philip II from Angra do Heroísmo, on 9 August 1583, two weeks after the Battle of Terceira, contains the first definite suggestion of the formation of theSpanish Armada.
It was following the events of the battle of Terceira that the existing fortifications in Monte Brasil were rethought. During the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), the original Portuguese fortifications were redesigned by Italian military engineer Giovanni Vicenzo Casale and his assistants, since privateers, such asFrancis Drake andWalter Raleigh, had attacked Spanish ships and possessions. The first cornerstone was laid in 1583, and the fortifications were progressively elaborated to include severalbastions and cannon emplacements. By the Restoration, the Spanish commander, Álvaro de Viveiros, resisted for eleven months (from 27 March 1641 to 4 March 1642) behind the walls of the impregnable fortress, and only a concentrated task force commanded by Francisco Ornelas da Câmara and João de Bettencourt were able to defeat the commander. The fort was taken, and reclaimed for Portugal: a church was constructed within the fortress in honour of SaintJohn the Baptist (Portuguese:São João Baptista) after 1642.
A young Almeida Garret, during the Napoleonic invasions escaped, along with his family to Angra, where they remained until English forces liberated theIberian peninsulaAfter a time in London, former Emperor Pedro I of Brazil joined liberal forces in Angra do Heroísmo, where he made a base for his eventual assault on the continent during the Liberal Wars
Over the years, Terceira (and Angra in particular) has been a popular place for out-of-favor monarchs to cool their heels while events on the Portuguese mainland or elsewhere went on without them. In 1667, near the end of thePortuguese Restoration War, KingAfonso VI, his chief advisor, Castelo Melhor, and Castelo Melhor's francophile party were overthrown by the king's younger brother, Pedro, Duke of Beja, (who later ruled asPedro II of Portugal.) Pedro first installed himself as his brother's regent; then, he arranged Afonso's exile to the island of Terceira in the Azores on the pretense that he was incapable of governing. Afonso's exile lasted seven years.
João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, better known as the authorAlmeida Garrett, was born in 1799 inPorto, Portugal. In 1809, his family fled the secondFrench invasion carried out bySoult's troops, seeking refuge in Angra do Heroísmo. While in the Azores, he was taught by his uncles, all prominent churchmen. (His uncle, Dom FreiAlexandre da Sagrada Família, was the twenty-fifthbishop of Angra.) In 1818, Almeida Garrett left the island and moved toCoimbra to study at theuniversity's law school.
Ngungunhane, theLion of Gaza, was captured by Portuguese forces after his rebellion in Portuguese West Africa and exiled to Angra do Heroísmo
When King João VI died in 1826, the country was plunged into a succession crisis. The king had a rightful male heir,EmperorPedro ofBrazil, who had successfully rebelled against his father in the 1820s. Many prominent Portuguese, however, did not wish to be reunified with their former colony. The king's younger sonMiguel was exiled inAustria, having led a number of failed revolutions of his own against his father's liberal regime. Pedro abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his 7-year-old daughterMaria da Glória, stipulating that she would marry her uncle Miguel when she came of age. In order to rule jointly with his niece, however, Miguel was obligated to swear an oath to uphold the existing liberal constitution. Miguel initially agreed but quickly reneged. He deposed his young niece and began establishing an absolutist monarchy.
Pedro and his daughter then began a conflict known variously as theLiberal Wars, thePortuguese Civil War, theWar of the Two Brothers, and theMiguelite War. On June 22, 1828, liberals deposed the Azores' captain-generalManuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar, deporting him to the mainland and establishing a headquarters on Terceira. TheBattle of Praia da Vitória on August 11, 1829, saw the Terceirans repulse a Miguelist attack. This would lead to Angra being given the honorary title ofdo Heroísmo, "the Heroic". Maria da Glória resided on the island from 1830 to 1833;[2] her forces were victorious the following year.
On 20 September 1836,Charles Darwin, the eminent English naturalist, nearing the end of his voyage around the world aboard the research vessel HMSBeagle, arrived at the Azores and anchored at Angra. The next day, Darwin hired a horse and some guides and rode to the center of the island where an activevolcanic crater was supposed to exist. What he found there was not a "crater" at all; instead, what he found was a series of fissures in the rock with steam issuing from them. To a naturalist, his long day in the saddle was not very illuminating. Biologically speaking, Darwin wrote, he could "find nothing of interest". The next day, Darwin traveled along the coast road and visited the town ofPraia da Vitória on the northeastern end of the island. He returned by way of the northern shore, and he crossed the central part of the island on his way back to theBeagle. He departed on 25 September for the island of São Miguel, to pick up any letters that may have been posted to him there.
Angra and neighboring Praia da Vitória were the sites of an interesting episode of theAmerican Civil War. Unable to break the blockade by US Navy ships of southern (Confederate) ports, and hoping to draw these blockading ships away to counter other perceived threats, theConfederate States of America had commerce raiders built in Britain and France. One of these left Liverpool in July 1862 in the guise of a "merchant ship" and rendezvoused with supporting ships in the harbor of Praia da Vitória. This meeting-place was chosen because Portugal was neutral and the Azores were far away from pursuing US Navy ships. In that port and, later at Angra, cannon and other supplies of war were transferred aboard the new ship. TheCSS Alabama was commissioned on 24 August 1862 just outside the harbor of Angra, and it left Terceira to begin its career as the most effectivecommerce raider in naval history.
Ngungunhane (also known as Mdungazwe Ngungunyane Nxumalo, N'gungunhana, orGungunhana Reinaldo Frederico Gungunhana) was born inGaza in southern Africa around 1850, and he died at Angra do Heroísmo on 23 December 1906. A vassal of the Portuguese king, he later rebelled, and he was defeated and imprisoned by thePortuguese Army, led byJoaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque. He was exiled to Lisbon and then to the island of Terceira, where he converted to Catholicism; he lived there until his death. He was the last emperor of the Empire of Gaza, a territory that is now part of Mozambique, and he was the last monarch of his dynasty.
Nicknamed the "Lion of Gaza", he reigned from 1884 to 28 December 1895, the day he was made prisoner by Joaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque in the fortified village ofChaimite. Because he was already known to the European press, the Portuguese colonial administration decided to condemn him to exile rather than send him to face a firing squad, as would normally be the case. He was transported to Lisbon, accompanied by a son named Godide and other dignitaries. After a brief stay, he was transferred to Angra do Heroísmo, where he died eleven years later.
Angra do HeroísmoThe city of Angra, surrounded by the green landscapes of Monte Brasil and Serra do MoriãoThe massive shield volcano of Santa Bárbara, the highest peak on the island of Terceira
Angra occupies the south coast of Terceira. It is the headquarters of a military command and the seat of aRoman Catholic bishopric. Its principal buildings are theSé Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo, a military college, an arsenal, and an observatory. The harbor, now of little commercial or strategic importance (but formerly a major commercial and military port), is sheltered on the west and southwest by the promontory ofMonte Brasil, but, today, it is less important than the neighboring ports ofPonta Delgada onthe island of São Miguel andHorta on the island ofFaial.
The climate of Angra do Heroísmo is borderlineMediterranean (Csa) andhumid subtropical (Cfa), with the August daily mean being just above the 22 °C (72 °F) isotherm and the July rainfall just below the 30 mm isotherm for theoceanic climate (Cfb) regime. It is also tempered by theGulf Stream and the warm North Atlantic waters surrounding the Azores, with mild winter temperatures. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have never been recorded, with summer days reliably staying around 24 °C (75 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F).
Climate data for José Agostinho Observatory, Angra do Heroísmo (1991–2020), elevation 90 m (300 ft)
Administratively, the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo is made up of several civil parishes, which were historically parochial entities administered by the Catholic Church. After the expulsion of the religious orders from Portugal, the Portuguese administration adapted these territorial units into secular institutions that became the foundation of local government. In a civil context, a parish (freguesia in Portuguese) is simply a subdivision of a municipality (concelho ormunicípio). The nineteen civil parishes of Angra do Heroísmo are:
Thirteen of the parishes have a thousand people or more, and 88.71% of the population live in these larger parishes. About 11.3% of the population live in the remaining six small parishes. The most populated parish is Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Our Lady of Conception), and the least populated is Serreta. The largest parish geographically is Porto Judeu, and the smallest is Santa Luzia.
Thehistoric centre of Angra, is located along the southern coast, encompassing the medieval city and fortified citadel that forms the volcanic cone of Monte Brasil. Angra is dominated by theOld Square (Portuguese:Praça Velha), also known as theSquare of SaintsCosmo and Damian (Portuguese:Praça de São Cosmo e Daimão) or theRestoration Square (Portuguese:Praça dos Restoradores). It was one of the first Portuguese squares specifically designed as a broad open space, joining two of the old town's main arteries. Angra's square is a broad and orderly, paved withPortuguese pavement stone (of white limestone and black basalt). Throughout its history, this main square has had various functions: it was a chicken and livestock market on Sundays; during the struggles between the Liberals and the Absolutists (during theLiberal Wars) it was the site of public hangings; and the location where the localrunning of the bulls began. The well-planned and handsome square in Angra owes its character to the influence of the1755 Lisbon earthquake, which resulted in the reconstruction program that influenced many of the towns and villages of Portugal. Theold square (which reached its ultimate form during the late 18th century) reflects this new thinking and approach tourbanism and transport. After the 19th century (specifically 1879), it served as a central gathering place for concerts by themilitary band of the 10th Chasseur regiment, whose barracks were in theFort of São João Baptista.
Building of the Angra do Heroísmo Savings (Portuguese:Caixa Económica de Angra do Heroísmo);[6]
Customshouse of Angra do Heroísmo (Portuguese:Alfândega de Angra do Heroísmo); constructed to support the influx of peoples and commercial resources into the 15th century colonies of the Azores, the long-house-like civil structure was constructed in the 16th century along thePatio da Alfândega alongside the primitive wharf and Church of the Misericórida;[8]
Manor of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (Portuguese:Solar e Capela de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios), a former-residence of the Canto e Castro family, the 16th century manorhouse was constructed from the residential home of byPero Anes do Canto, who was nominated as the first Provisionor-of-Arms (in 1527).[11] Responsible for supporting the caravels and carracks that transited the Atlantic, the medieval post was centred in the manorhouse and his descendants expanded the group of buildings, including the large chapel, attributed to Pero's great-great-grandson;[11]
Manor of the Count of Vila Flor (Portuguese:Casa do Conde de Vila Flor/Solar do Conde de Vila Flor);[12]
Palace of the Bettencourts (Portuguese:Palácio Bettencourt/Biblioteca Pública e Arquivo Regional de Angra do Heroísmo), a 17th-century building, originally a private home, that houses the public library and regional archives, that includes a repository of 400,000 books and two million documents;[13]
Palace of the Captains-General (Portuguese:Colégio de Santo Inácio/Colégio da Companhia de Jesus/Palácio dos Capitães Generais (SRAI)), located near theLargo Prior do Crato, the 16th-century building, is intimately linked to the history : it was originally the Jesuit College of Saint Ignatius and later College of theSociety of Jesus, before it was abandoned in 1759. When the office ofCaptain-General was created in 1766, the building was converted into theofficial residence of the Crowns representatives in the Azores, controlling the military, political, and administrative life of the archipelago;[14]
Residence of Quinta de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira (Portuguese:Casa of Quinta de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira)[15]
The island of Terceira, dating from the 15th century had always been susceptible to attacks by pirates and privateers, first from Barbary coast pirates, but later by European powers who sought to capture spoils from the ships returning from the Far East. Following the personal union between Spain and Portugal, following the Dynastic Crisis, the need to protect the transit points of the Azores led to construction of several posts and redoubts along the coast of the island. Among the most important were:
Castle of Moinhos (Portuguese:Castelo dos Moinhos), known as theCastle of São Cristóvão, orCastle/Fort of São Luís, is the ruins of a 16th-century fortification overlooking the city of Angra, today surmounted by theAlto da Memória, a 19th-century obelisk dedicated to former King Peter IV of Portugal, whose forces defeated the absolute monarchy of his brotherMiguel during theLiberal Wars;[16]
Fort of Má Ferramenta (Portuguese:Forte de Má Ferramenta), used throughout the 16th to 20th century, the platform served for a time during the Second World War before being abandoned and left to ruin;[17]
Fort of Negrito (Portuguese:Forte do Negrito),[18] home to the Azorean Museum of Military History, Negrito was constructed in 1581 (simultaneously with the Fort of Salga) to provide protection from the then imminent Spanish attack caused by theSuccession Crisis of 1580.
Fort of Salga
Fort of Santa Catarina das Mós
Fort of Santo António
Fort of Santo António do Monte Brasil (Portuguese:Forte de Santo António do Monte Brasil), the small fort, which was named afterAntónio of Portugal extended the defences of the Bay of Angra by crossing-fire with the Fort of São Sebastião, owing to the shorter range of the former;[19]
Fort of São Benedito do Monte Brasil
Fort of São Fernando
Fort of São Francisco
Fort of São João (Portuguese:Forte de São João), also known as the Fort of Biscoitinhos, was included in the fortification plans of Tommaso Benedetto, but little was done to improve the large redoubt, which was mistakenly confused, at various times, with the Redoubt of Poço and/or Fort of Açougue;
Fort of São João Baptista (Portuguese:Igreja de São João Baptista do Castelo, Fortaleza e Muralhas); Angra do Heroísmo is dominated by the cinder cone of Monte Brasil, on which is located the fortress of São João Baptista, originally completed as theFort of São Filipe, during thePhilippine dynasty, under the reign ofPhilip II of Spain. The fortress, which includes a primary bulwark and encircled by 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) line of walls with four hundredpieces of artillery, used to protected shipping that returned from the East Indies (laden with gold and silver). The fortress is dominated by the Church of São João Baptista (Portuguese:Igreja de São Joao Baptista) and parade grounds, completed at the end of theend of the Iberian union, following therestoration of Portuguese sovereignty in 1640. At that time, the fortress was renamed to correspond with the name of the church.[20]
Fort of São Sebastião (Portuguese:Castelo de São Sebastião/Forte de São Sebastião/Pousada de Angra do Heroísmo)At the other end of theBay of Angra, opposite thePorto de Pipas (Port of Barrels), is the Fort of São Sebastião, built in the 16th century on the order ofKing Sebastian. The scope of its cannons were interlocked with the ranges of the cannons on Monte Brasil and three other small forts along the coastline, creating an effective defensive system for the port, which had been a favourite target for pirates. TheCastelo de São Sebastião has been transformed into a charming hotel, one of the forty-oddpousadas (inns in historic buildings) of Portugal; this transformation preserves its original historic character, but the plumbing has been modernized, and some non-visible structural elements have been strengthened.[21]
Fort of the Zimbreiro
Fortress of São Mateus da Calheta (Portuguese:Forte Grande de São Mateus da Calheta), part of a complex of six forts along the southern coast, theGreat Fort was constructed after French pirates under Pierre Bertrand de Montluc attacked in 1567;[22]
At one stage, Angra had as many as nine convents, each with its own cloisters and churches. Most of these churches are from the Mannerist and Baroque periods, and they are remarkably grand if we bear in mind the poor quality of the stone to be found on the island. The interior decoration of these churches relied on the use of both traditional carved and gilded woodwork and the rich and exotic woods of Brazil.
On theLadeira de São Francisco in central Angra is theIgreja da Nossa Senhora da Guia (Church ofOur Lady of Guia), where the seafarerPaulo da Gama is buried. He accompanied his brotherVasco da Gama on his first sea voyage to India in 1497.
Chapel/Hospital of Nossa Senhora da Boa Nova (Portuguese:Capela e Hospital Militar de Nossa Senhora da Boa Nova)[23]
Chapel of the Misericórdia of São Sebastião (Portuguese:Capela da Misericórdia de São Sebastião e Casa de Francisco Ferreira Drumond)[24]
Convent of São Gonçalo (Portuguese:Convento de São Gonçalo), established in 1542, through the initiative of nobleman Brás Pires do Canto, to shelter the Clarisse sisters, surviving to 1832 when it was the only surviving convent after the expulsion of the religious orders.[27] It is considered one of the best surviving Baroque era religious institutions in the Azores.
Convent of Santo António dos Capuchos (Portuguese:Convento de Santo António dos Capuchos)[28]
Hermitage of Santo Cristo do Cruzeiro (Portuguese:Capela do Cruzeiro/Ermida de Santo Cristo do Cruzeiro)[29]
A scene from the traditionaltouradas à corda, where people and bulls play cat-and-mouse in the streets of parishes of the municipality
ThePortuguese version of bullfighting differs considerably from itsSpanish counterpart, and the Azorean variety, which began on Terceira, differs from the mainland style in some important respects also. The Azorean bullfight ritual involves "audience participation" in a way that recalls the "running of the bulls" atPamplona (Spain).
On Terceira, 4 fighting bulls are enclosed in separate wooden crates for several hours and transported to the village where the bullfight will happen, then a long stout rope is secured around each bull's neck.Fireworks are exploded to signal the citizens that a bull will soon be let loose in the public square. Once the bull is released, some young men take hold of the rope to try to control the bull's head, and others taunt the bull with everything from brightly colored fighting capes toparasols. Afree-for-all ensues while the bull drags some men around by the rope and tries to punish his tormenters, by butting them to the ground and goring them (with blunted horns), or by trampling over them. This is a popular leisure activity and public entertainment; it is known as thetourada à corda (English:bullfight-on-a-rope).
Eventually, the bull is funneled through the city streets to the bullring, thePraça de Toiros da Ilha (Island Bullring), in the eastern part of Angra, where a traditional Portuguese-style bullfight is held. From May 1 to September 30, there are daily touradas; in fact, sometimes there are two or three in one day.
TheUniversity of the Azores, which has its principal campus on the island ofSão Miguel, has a subsidiary campus in Angra do Heroísmo, where the Department of Agrarian Sciences (Departamento de Ciências Agrárias) is located. This institution is a center for advanced scientific and agricultural studies, and it attracts students from the entire archipelago, as well as foreign students from many countries.
TheInstituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira (IHIT), which means, in Portuguese, the "Terceira Island Historical Institute", is a private cultural association, dedicated to the investigation and study of the history of the Azores. It is organized as an academy, and it sponsors classes, lectures, andsymposia on various topics. The institute was founded in 1942 by the city of Angra do Heroísmo.
^"Cemitério das Âncoras" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: VisitAzores. 2013. Archived fromthe original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved28 December 2014.
^Faria, Manuel Augusto (24–25 May 1997), "Ilha Terceira – Fortaleza do Atlântico: Forte da Má Ferramenta",Diário Insular (in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Drummond, Francisco Ferreira (1981),Anais da Ilha Terceira (fac-simil. da ed. de 1859) (in Portuguese), Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Secretaria Regional da Educação e Cultura
^Noé, Paula (2012), SIPA (ed.),Forte Grande de São Mateus (IPA.00033608) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived fromthe original on 17 October 2013, retrieved7 July 2013
^Noé, Paula (2002). SIPA (ed.)."Convento das Concepcionistas (PT071901040031)" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. Archived fromthe original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved30 October 2012.
Gregório, Rute Dias,Terra e fortuna nos primórdios da Ilha Terceira (1450–1550) [Land and Fortune in the Primordial Island of Terceira (1450–1550)] (in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada, Azores: Universidade dos Açores,hdl:10400.3/260
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