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Angling (fromOld Englishangol, meaning "hook") is afishing technique that uses afish hook attached to afishing line to tether individual fish in the mouth. The fishing line is usually manipulated with afishing rod, although rodless techniques such ashandlining also exist. Modern angling rods are usually fitted with afishing reel that functions as acranking device for storing, retrieving and releasing out the line, althoughTenkara fishing and traditional cane pole fishing are two rod-angling methods that do not use any reel. The fish hook itself can be additionally weighted with a densertackle called asinker, and is typically dressed with an appetizingbait (i.e.hookbait) to attract and entice the fish into swallowing the hook, but sometimes an inedible fake/imitation bait with multiple attached hooks (known as alure) is used instead of a single hook with edible bait. Some type ofbite indicator, such as afloat, a bell or aquiver tip, is often used to relay underwater status of the hook to the surface and alert the angler of a fish's presence.
When angling, the fisherman (known as theangler) will first throw the hook (i.e. "cast") to a chosen area of water (i.e.fishing ground), and then patiently wait for fish to approach and devour the hookbait. It is also not uncommon for the angler to scatter some loosebait (groundbait) around the target area before even casting the hook, to better attract distant fish with scents. If a fish has succumbed to its ownfeedinginstinct and swallowed the baited hook (i.e. "bite" or "strike"), the hook point will likely pierce into and anchor itself inside thefish jaw,gullet orgill, and the fish in turn becomes firmly tethered by the fishing line. Once the fish is hooked (often colloquially called "fish-on"), any struggles and attempts to escape will pull along the line, causing the bite indicator to signal the angler, who jerks the fishing rod back to further deepen the hook anchorage (i.e. "setting the hook") and then tries to retrieve the line back, pulling the fish closer in the process. During the line retrieval, the angler will carefully monitor the line and rod tension to avoid equipment breaking. With stronger and feistier fish, the angler might need to temporarily halt or even reverse the line retrieval to prolong the struggle time andtire out the fish (i.e. "walking" the fish), before dragging it near enough to eventually lift it out of the water (known as "landing") for a successful catch. Sometimes ahand net (or "landing net") or along-handled hook is used to make fetching the fish easier.
Angling is the principal method ofrecreational fishing, butcommercial fisheries also use angling methods such aslonglining,trotlining ortrolling. In many parts of the world, afishing licence is mandated for angling andsize limits apply to certain species, meaning by law, fish below and/or above a certain size range must be released alive after capture. The popular fish species pursued by anglers, collectively known asgame fish, vary with geography. Among the many species ofsaltwater fish that are angled for sport globally arebillfish (swordfish,sailfish andmarlin),tuna,trevally andgrouper, whilecod andsea bass are popular targets in Europe. In North America, the popularfreshwater fish species includebass,northern pike/muskellunge,walleye,trout andanadromoussalmon,tilapia,channel catfish andpanfishes such ascrappie,sunfish (e.g.bluegill) andyellow perch. In Europe, Asia andAustralasia, freshwater anglers often pursue species such ascarp,pike,bream,tench,rudd,roach,European perch,catfish andbarbel, many of which are regarded as undesirable "rough fish" in North America. Indeveloped countries,catch and release angling is increasingly practiced bysport fishermen in recent years toconserve thefish stocks and help maintain sustainability of the local fisheries.
Angling is not to be confused withsnagging, another fishing technique that also uses line and hook to catch fish. The principal differences between the two techniques are that angling often uses very small hooks and relies on the target fish itself to voluntarily swallow the hook to pierceinternally into the fish's mouth; while snagging uses very large, sharp, multi-pointedgrappling hooks that actively "claw" and pierceexternally into the body/gill of the fish, and hardly ever involves any hookbait. Snagging also inflicts far more mutilating injuries to the fish and makes it very difficult to heal and survive even if the fish is released alive or manages to escape the snag.
A fishing rod is a long, thin stick/pole that acts as an extended lever and allows the angler to amplify line movements while luring and pulling the fish. It also enhancescasting distance by lengthening the swingradius (compared to that of ahuman arm) and increasing thelaunch speed of theterminal tackles (the hook, bait/lure, and other co-launched attachments such asfloat andsinker/feeder). Traditional fishing rods are made from single piece ofhardwood (e.g.ash andhickory) orbamboo, while contemporary rods are usually made fromalloys (e.g.aluminium) or more oftenhigh-tensilecomposite materials such asfibreglass orcarbon fiber, and newer rod designs are often constructed from hollowblanks to increase thespecific strength and reduce the overall weight. Modern rods also may come in multi-piece ortelescoping forms, which are more portable and storage-friendly.
Fishing rods are categorized based on the rod's intended use. The type of reel and/or the fishing technique being utilized will determine which type of rod a fisherman selects. The design and ergonomics of each rod type optimize them for the intended method of use.
Types of fishing rods include:
Fishing reels are manuallycrankedreels typically mounted onto a fishing rod, used to wind and stow fishing line[1] when a long casting distance or a prolonged retrieval is expected. Traditional fishing reels are essentially compactwindlasses with a "direct-drive" design, while modern reels since theIndustrial Revolution typically are "multiplier" reels that use internalgear trains to gain a higherrotational speed. Most reels made from the latter half of the 20th century onwards have smoother line guides,anti-reverse designs,gear disengagement mechanisms and sophisticateddrag and braking adjustments to help casting farther, more accurately and reliably, and to provide optimal pulling forces when retrieving the line.
The use of the hook in angling is descended, historically, from what would today be called agorge. The word "gorge", in this context, comes from the French word meaning "throat". Gorges were used by ancient peoples to capture fish and animals like seal, walrus and birds. A gorge was a long, thin piece of bone or stone attached by its midpoint to a thin line. The gorge would be baited so that it would rest parallel to the lay of the line. When the game would swallow the bait, a tug on the line would cause the gorge to orient itself at right angles to the line, thereby sticking in the fish or animal's throat orgullet. Gorges evolved into the modern fishing hook which is J-shaped with a loop on one end and a sharp point on the other. Most hooks have a barb near the point to better anchor the point and prevent a fish from unhooking itself while being reeled in. Some laws and regulations require hooks to be barbless, typically to facilitatecatch and release. This rule is commonly implemented to protect populations of certain species, as a barbed hook could cause significant collateral lacerations (especially when it penetrates the gill) that can kill a fish even after released alive.
Fishing lines are long, ultra-thin, flexible cords that may come inmonofilament orbraidedmultifilament forms. Traditional fishing lines are made of silk, while most modern fishing lines are made fromsynthetic polymers such as nylon,polyethylene,polyvinylidene fluoride ("fluorocarbon") orcopolymer materials.[2][3] Important specifications for a fishing line include its material and forms,test weight, diameter,stretch,memory, abrasion resistance, UV resistance, and reflective and/orrefractive visibility.
A bite indicator is any device that can help to notify the angler that the hook has been swallowed by a fish. There are many types of bite indicators, the oldest and most ubiquitously used being thefishing float, a lightweightmarker buoy that floats at the water surface with the hook and bait suspended below it. When the fish swallows the hook, the leader line between the hook and the float pulls the float deeper into the water, causing it to oscillates in and out of water in abobbing-like fashion (hence itsAmerican English name, the "bobber").[4]
Other bite indicators used in angling include:
In angling, two broad types of baits are used:groundbait, which is thrown separately into the water in large quantities as an "appetizer" toolfactorily attract distant fish nearer to the angler's position; andhookbait, which is directly attached to thefish hook to entice the fish into swallowing the hook along with the bait. In colloquial usage, the word "bait" refers specifically to hookbaits, which can be further separated into three main categories:natural baits,artificial baits andlures.
The choice of what bait to use is dictated mainly by the target species's diet, the habitat and weather conditions](which can alter the fish'sforaging behavior), the angler's own personal preferences, and the localfishery regulations.[8] Using an optimal angling bait can increase the chance of catching the intended fish, while conversely using an inadequate bait will greatly reduce the success rate, especially when there are other bait fishermen nearby.[9]
Natural baits are food items that are present within the target fish's natural diet, which are usually animals at a lowertrophic level in thefood web. A natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the target fish as a bait. The natural bait used may belive food (known as alive bait) orcarcass (i.e.dead bait), and a bait improvised from grossly intact portions of a dead animal (e.g.fish head) is known as acutbait. Common natural baits for both fresh and saltwater fishing includeearthworm,leech, insects andlarvae,minnow,squid,prawn,crayfish, and even crabs, frogs andsalamanders. Natural baits are effective due to the real texture, odour and movements of the bait presented.
Thecommon earthworm is a universal live bait for freshwater angling, andgrubs andmaggots are also excellent bait whentrout fishing.Grasshoppers,crickets,eels and evenants are also used as bait for trout in their season, although many anglers believe thattrout or salmon roe is superior to any other bait.
Crayfish, which are preyed upon by a variety ofray-finned fishes,[10] are also commonly used as bait, either live or with only the tail meat. They are popular for catchingcatfish,[11]largemouth bass,smallmouth bass,striped bass,[12]perch andpike.[13] However, studies had confirmed that introducing crayfish outside of theirhome range has led to various ecological problems of them becominginvasive species.[14][15] Transporting crayfish as live bait has also contributed to the spread ofzebra mussels, which are known to attach themselves onto crayfish, in various waterways throughout Europe and North America.[16][17][18]
The capture, transportation and culture ofbait fish can spread damaging organisms betweenecosystems, endangering them. In 2007 several American states enacted regulations designed to slow the spread of fish diseases, includingviral hemorrhagic septicemia, by bait fish.[19] Because of the risk of transmittingMyxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease),trout andsalmon should not be used as bait.
Anglers may increase the possibility of contamination by emptying bait buckets into fishing venues and collecting or using bait improperly. The transportation of fish from one location to another can break the law and cause theintroduction of fish alien to the ecosystem.
Artificial baits are edible baits that are not directly acquired via natural means, but are made from other food materials via some kind of artificial processing. These can befish food that are either homemade (e.g. driedfood paste) or commercially purchased (e.g.boilies andfeed pellets), or prepared/processed food such ascutlets,offals,dehulledkernels (e.g. peas and corns), dairy products (cheese andcurd), bread or doughballs made from various ingredient mixtures (e.g. rice,semolina,cornmeal, bread crumbs, andfishmeal, etc.), which can be used to attractomnivorous or evenherbivorous fish. In lakes in southern climates such as Florida,panfish such assunfish will even take householdwheat bread or pet food as bait. These bread bait is prepared from a small amount of bread, often moistened and softened by saliva, then squeezed into a ball of the bite size of small fish.
Some baits are not actual food items but rather just "fake"replicas of food made of inedible materials (e.g. wood, metal,silicone rubber, plastics, etc), and are designed to enticepredatory fish to strike by imitating the appearance and motions of real prey (shad, worm, frog, insect,crayfish, etc.). These inedible, replica baits are typically calledlures instead of baits, although expressions such as "swimbaits", "crankbaits", "jerkbaits", "spinnerbaits" and "chatterbaits" are still used when describing specific types of lures. Unlike conventional baits, lures typically do not release any scents and rely solely on looks and sounds/vibrations to attract fish, although occasionally chemicalattractants (e.g.dimethyl-β-propiothetin) are still used in addition either to impregnate favorable smells or to mask away unwanted plastic smells. Many anglers prefer to fish solely using lures, as these rely more on the user's rod and reel actions to successfully attract fish, and requires frequent casting and retrieving the line, and are thus more interactive and exciting.
Lures can be broadly categorized intohard-body andsoft-body lures, although hybrid lures with both hard and soft components are also common. Soft-body lures tend to give a more flexible and realistic "swimming" posture when towed through the water, while hard-body lures usually rely on stirring up more noise andturbulences. Some newer hard lure designs, however, are multi-jointed and can resemble soft lures in dynamics. Soft lures are typically coupled with a single conventional fish hook or ajighead, while hard lures commonly have more than one hook (which are oftentreble hooks). When lures are used in combination with other terminal tackles (floats,sinkers,swivels, etc.) to produce sophisticated presentations, the entire lure package is known as arig. Common rigs with asoft plastic lure are theTexas Rig or theCarolina Rig.
Some fishing lures (e.g.spoons and spinnerbaits) may not even resemble any prey in looks, and may require skilled rod movements to impart an enticing presentation to the target fish, for example injigging andtopwater fishing. Some lures, such as theflies used infly fishing, are ultralight and even require specialized gears and techniques to be cast properly. In modern times, there are also lures thatphotically attract fish withLED illuminiation, as well as battery-powered "bionic" lures that are essentially primitiverobot fish that can swim around without needing to be towed by a fishing line.
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Although all angling techniques use bait, the term "bait fishing" specifically refers to those that use edible materials (e.g.worms,insects,crustaceans and smallerbait fish) as baits.
Lure fishing uses a type of artificial fake bait known aslure, which is usually made from inedible materials such as wood, metal and plastics. Unlike conventional fishing baits, lures do not emit any scent and thus cannot attract fish olfactorily, but instead using prey-like appearances, movements, vibrations, bright reflections and flashy colors to attract and entice carnivorouspredatory fish into mistakenly striking. Many lures are equipped with more than onehooks to better the chance of anchoring into the fish'smouth, though some hookless lures are used to bait the fish nearer so it can be captured via other means such asspearing,netting,trapping orcapturing by hand. In addition to rod angling,handlining,longlining and commercialtrolling also employ lure fishing.
Lure fishing is a popular style of recreational fishing. When fishing, a lure angler will repeatedlycast out the lure afar and then methodically retrieves the line, pulling the lure through the water and creating vibrations, turbulent splashes and/or a popping action in the process, which imitating a small aquatic prey such as abaitfish, a drowning insect or a frog. A skilled angler can explore many possible hiding spots for fish through lure casting such as under logs and on flats. No bite indicator is used, and when the lure catches the attention of agame fish and successfully results in biting/swallowing of the lure, the angler can detect it by watching for splashes and feeling any vibrations, rod bending and changes in line tension. Lure fishing also typically uses relatively lightweight fishing rods coupled with baitcasting reels or spinning reels.
Depending on the style of lure retrieval, lure fishing can roughly be separated intopower fishing, which relies on more frequent and vigorous lure retrievals to increase the chance of luring fish; andfinesse fishing, which focuses on the more lingered and vivid lure presentation within each cast-retrieval cycle to better entice fish.
Slabbing is a type ofjigging that involves repetitively lifting and dropping a flat lure, usually made of 1 to 2.5 oz of lead painted to look like abaitfish (or heavy slabs of metal), through a school of actively feeding fish that the angler has located on afishfinder. It is abass fishing technique and is used onwhite andstriped bass in the reservoirs of the southern US.
Almost all recreational angling activities involve the use offishing rods, which is used to manipulate the movements offishing lines and to allow farthercasting ofbaits/lures.
Although all angling techniques use hook and line, the term "line fishing" specifically refers to those that do not involve using fishing rods. Line fishing is also known asrodless fishing.
Handlining, or handline fishing, is done with a handheld fishing line baited withlures orbait fish. Handlining is the oldest angling technique used by mankind, and can be done from boats or from the shore. It is used mainly to catchgroundfish andsquid, but smallerpelagic fish can also be caught.
Longlining, or longline fishing, is acommercial fishing technique that uses a long heavy line with a series of hundreds or even thousands ofbaitedhooks hanging from the main line via branch lines calledsnoods. Longlines are usually operated from specialised boats calledlongliners, which use a specialwinch to haul in the line and can operate in deeper waters targetingpelagic species such asswordfish,tuna,halibut andsablefish.
Droplining involves setting a longline vertically down into the water (instead of being more horizontally deployed like longlining) with a series of baited hooks. Droplines areweighted at the bottom and have afloat at the top. They are not usually as long as longlines and have fewer hooks, and tend to be stationary.
Trotlining uses a longline that, instead of being tethered to the water surface only at one end, are fixed at/near the surface at both ends of the longline, with hooked snood lines hanging vertically down along the main line. Trotlines are used for catching crabs or fish (e.g.catfish), particularly across rivers. They can be physically set in many ways, such as tying each end to a fixed structure and span the line across the water in-between like aboom, and adjusting rest of the line with weights and floats.
Deadlining is the practice of leaving a baited fishing line in the water (with the other end fastened to thebank) and returning later (usually overnight) to check and capture any tethered fish,[20] similar to the use of asnare trap byhunters.
Float fishing is the most common method of angling, defined by the use of a compact lightbuoy attached to fishing line – known as afloat (or "bobber" in the United States) — as thebite indicator. Due to buoyancy, the float remains at the water surface and suspends the baited hook at a predetermined depth. It can also drift in the prevailing current and carry the hook to areas of water otherwise inaccessible by casting alone. When the fish bites and swallows the hook, the float visually signals any forces exerted on the leader line below it, as the fisherman can then see it being pulled underwater and/or sideways.[4]
Bottom fishing, also calledlegering in the United Kingdom, uses a weightedtackle called asinker tied to the end of the fishing line to keep the baited hook close to the bottom of the water, to targetgroundfishes such assucker,bream,catfish andcrappie. The sinker can also be used to add momentum to the hook and helpcasting the line to a further distance. The method can be used both withhandlining and rod fishing, and can be done bothfrom boats andfrom the land. Specialized fishing rods called "donkas" are also commonly used for bottom fishing, and aquiver tip (sometimes coupled with ajingle bell) is used instead as the bite indicator.
Some sinkers are replaced byfeeders, which is designed to contain and releasegroundbaits to help attract fish towards the hook.
Trolling is a method of fishing where one or morefishing lines, baited withlures orbait fish, are drawn through the water at a consistent, low speed. It can be rod fishing or line fishing.
Rod trolling is a technique in which fishing rods function as improvisedoutriggers to tow the baits/lures through the water, usually behind or beside a moving boat with the rod fixated to thegunwale. It can also be done by very slowly winding the line in (likefinesse lure fishing) or even sweeping the line sideways, with the angler operating the rod from a static position (e.g. atop a jetty, pier or bridge).
Rodless trolling is a technique in which one or more baited lines are drawn through the water behind a slow movingfishing boat. The boat is usually equipped withoutriggers,downriggers andtrolling motors. Rodless trolling is typically used in commercial fishing, and is used to catcheconomicpelagic fish such asmackerel andkingfish.
Pahila (lit. "pulled") is aFilipino traditional shoreline trolling, uniquely using baited hooks tied to a laterally flattened float calledpalyaw, which is shaped like a smalloutrigger boat, acatamaran or a fish. A longline is attached to the float, and set unto the water's edge and dragged by someone running or walking along the beach. The combination of the water resistance and the diagonal pull forces the float outwards into deeper waters, like akite. Once the line reaches its maximum line length, it moves rapidly parallel to the person pulling it along the beach, and is pulled back to the shore intermittently to check for catches. It is also calledsubid-subid,sibid-sibid,paguyod,pahinas, hilada, orsaliwsiw, among other names, in otherPhilippine languages.[21][22][23]
Drift fishing is a fishing technique in which the line is not actively reeled and the bait/lure is allowed to drift and react freely to the turbulences in the water current, much like how a tethered kite would behave in a wind gust. It is usually done from an unpowered boat in faster-flowing waters.
Laws and regulations managing angling vary greatly, often regionally, within countries. These commonly include permits (licences), closed periods (seasons) where specific species are unavailable for harvest, restrictions on gear types, andquotas.
Laws generally prohibit catching fish with hooks other than in the mouth (i.e.snagging, or "foul hooking" and "jagging"[24]) or the use ofnets andhand hooks other than as an aid in landing a captured fish. Some species, such asbait fish, may be taken with nets, and a few for food. Sometimes,non-sport fish are considered of lesser value and it may be permissible to take them by methods like snagging,bow and arrow orspearing, none of which fall under the definition of angling since they do not rely upon the use of a hook and line.
Fishing seasons are set by countries or localities to indicate what kinds of fish may be caught duringsport fishing (also known as angling) for a certain period of time. Fishing seasons are enforced (usually bywater police) to maintain ecological balance and to protect species of fish during theirspawning period during which they are easier to catch and more physiologically vulnerable.
Slot limits prohibit the harvest of fish where themeasured lengths (from thesnout to the end of thetail fin) fall within a protected interval.[25] These are put in action to help protect certain fish (usuallyjuvenile) in a given area. They generally require anglers torelease captured fish if they fall within a given size range, allowing anglers to keep only smaller (though rare) or larger fish.[26][27] Slot limits vary from water to water depending on what local officials believe would produce the best outcome for managing fish populations.
Individual fishing quota (IFQ), also known as individual transferable quota (ITQ), is a kind ofcatch share that sets aspecies-specifictotal allowable catch (TAC), typically by weight and for a given time period. A dedicated portion of the TAC (called "quota share") is then allocated to individual fishermen, and can typically be transferable (i.e. bought, sold or leased). As of 2008, 148 major fisheries (generally, a single species in a singlefishing ground) around the world had adopted some variant of this approach,[28] along with approximately 100 smaller fisheries in individual countries. Approximately 10% of the marine harvest was managed by ITQs as of 2008.[29]: 218 The first countries to adopt individual fishing quotas were theNetherlands,Iceland and Canada in the late 1970s, and the most recent is the United States Scallop General Category IFQ Program in 2010[30] The first country to adopt individual transferable quotas as a national policy was New Zealand in 1986.[31]
The minimum landing size (MLS) is the smallestfish measurement at which it is legal for the fisherman to keep a captured fish. The MLS depends on the species of fish, and allowed sizes also vary around the world, as they are legal definitions which are defined by the local regulatory authority.[32]
The idea behind this limitation is that only the older, more mature adult fish get taken, leaving growingjuveniles behind to continue breeding and propagating their species. There is some criticism of this legal requirement, however, as it appliesartificialselection pressure to the fish population (seeFisheries-induced evolution) unless the anglers voluntarily practisecatch and release indiscriminate of sizes. As larger fish (whose survival has been more successful so far) get taken out of the population, the genes for larger size are reduced or removed from thegene pool, while fish that mature at a smaller size survive longer to continue breeding, and the average size of fish stock shrinks over time. This has led to a collapse in the amount of catchable fish in some fisheries.[33]
Although most anglers keep their catch for consumption, catch and release fishing is increasingly practiced, especially by fly anglers. The general principle is that releasing fish allows them to survive, thus avoiding unintended depletion of the population. For species such as marlin, muskellunge, and bass, there is a culturaltaboo among anglers against taking them for food. In many parts of the world, size limits apply to certain species, meaning fish below a certain size must, by law, be released. It is generally believed that larger fish have a greater breeding potential. Some fisheries have a slot limit that allows the taking of smaller and larger fish, but requiring that intermediate sized fish be released. It is generally accepted that this management approach will help the fishery create a number of large, trophy-sized fish. In smaller fisheries that are heavily fished, catch and release is the only way to ensure that catchable fish will be available from year to year.The practice of catch and release is criticised by some who consider it unethical to inflict pain upon a fish for purposes of sport. Some of those who object to releasing fish do not object to killing fish for food. Adherents of catch and release dispute this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if hooking were painful. Opponents of catch and release fishing would find it preferable to ban or to severely restrict angling. On the other hand, proponents state that catch-and-release is necessary for many fisheries to remain sustainable, is a practice that generally has high survival rates, and consider the banning of angling as not reasonable or necessary.[34]
In some jurisdictions, in theCanadian province ofManitoba, for example, catch and release is mandatory for some species such asbrook trout. Many of the jurisdictions which mandate the live release of sport fish also require the use of artificial lures and barbless hooks to minimise the chance of injury to fish. Mandatory catch and release also exists in the Republic of Ireland where it was introduced as a conservation measure to prevent the decline of Atlantic salmon stocks on some rivers.[35] In Switzerland, catch and release fishing is considered inhumane and was banned in September 2008.[36]
Barbless hooks, which can be created from a standard hook by removing the barb with pliers or can be bought, are sometimes resisted by anglers because they believe that increased fish escapes. Barbless hooks reduce handling time, thereby increasing survival. Concentrating on keeping the line taut while fighting fish, using recurved point or "triple grip" style hooks on lures, and equipping lures that do not have them with split rings can significantly reduce escapement.
Angling is also practiced in fishing tournaments, where contestants compete for prizes based on the total length or weight of a fish, usually of a pre-determined species, caught within a specified time. These contests originated as local fishing contests and have evolved to include large competitive circuits, with professional anglers that are supported by commercial endorsements. Professional anglers may gain cash prizes for placing well in tournaments.[37] Similar competitive fishing exists at the amateur level with fishing derbies. In general, derbies can be distinguished from tournaments; derbies normally require fish to be killed, as opposed to tournaments, where points are normally deducted if fish can not be released alive.[citation needed]
A ten-year-long survey of US fishing club members, completed in 1997, indicated that motivations for recreational angling have shifted from personal leisure, outdoor exercise, experiencing nature and thrill of the catch, to the importance offamily time andsocial bonding via recreational fishing. Anglers with higherfamily incomes went fishing more frequently and were less concerned about obtaining fish as food.[38]
A German study indicated that satisfaction derived from angling was not dependent on the actual catch, but depended more on the angler's expectations of the experience.[39]
A 2006 study by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries tracked the motivations of anglers on theRed River. Among the most often stated responses were the fun of catching fish, the experience, to catch a lot of fish or a very large fish, for challenge, and adventure. Use as food was not investigated as a motive.[40]
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