_-_Song_of_the_Angels_(1881).jpg)
Angels have appeared in works of art since early Christian art, and they have been a popular subject forByzantine andEuropean paintings and sculpture.
Normally given wings in art, angels are usually intended, in both Christian and Islamic art, to be beautiful, though several depictions go for more awe-inspiring or frightening attributes, notably in the depiction of theliving creatures (which have bestial characteristics),ophanim (which are wheels) andcherubim (which havemosaic features);[1] As a matter of theology, they are spiritual beings who do not eat or excrete and are genderless. Many historical depictions of angels may appear to the modern eye to be gendered as either male or female by their dress or actions, but until the 19th century, even the most female looking will normally lack breasts, and the figures should normally be considered as genderless.[2][3] In 19th-century art, especiallyfunerary art, this traditional convention is sometimes abandoned. The lack of gender was to enable these winged creatures to be relatable to both genders.
Specific ideas regarding how to portray angels began to develop in the early Church. Since angels are defined as pure spirits,[4][5] the lack of a defined form has allowed artists wide latitude for creativity.[6] Daniel 8:15 describesGabriel as appearing in the "likeness of man" and in Daniel 9:21 he is referred to as "the man Gabriel." Such anthropomorphic descriptions of an angel are consistent with previous descriptions of angels, as in Genesis 19:5.[7] They were usually depicted in the form of young men.[8]
The earliest known Christian image of an angel, in theCubicolo dell'Annunziazione in theCatacomb of Priscilla, which is dated to the middle of the third century, is a depiction of the Annunciation in which Gabriel is portrayed without wings. Representations of angels onsarcophagi and on objects such as lamps andreliquaries of that period also show them without wings,[9] as for example the angel in theSacrifice of Isaac scene in theSarcophagus of Junius Bassus.
In a third-century fresco of the Hebrew children in the furnace, in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, a dove takes the place of the angel, while a fourth-century representation of the same subject, in the coemeterium maius, substitutes theHand of God for the heavenly messenger.[10]
The earliest known representation of angels with wings is on what is called the Prince's Sarcophagus, discovered at Sarigüzel, nearIstanbul, in the 1930s, and attributed to the time ofTheodosius I (379–395).[11] Flying winged angels, very often in pairs flanking a central figure or subject, are derivations in visual terms from pairs ofwinged Victories in classical art.[8]
In this same period, SaintJohn Chrysostom explained the significance of angels' wings: "They manifest a nature's sublimity. That is why Gabriel is represented with wings. Not that angels have wings, but that you may know that they leave the heights and the most elevated dwelling to approach human nature. Accordingly, the wings attributed to these powers have no other meaning than to indicate the sublimity of their nature."[12]
From then on Christian art generally represented angels with wings, as in the cycle of mosaics in theBasilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (432–440).[13] Multi-winged angels, often with only their face and wings showing, drawn from the higher grades of angels, especiallycherubim andseraphim, are derived from Persian art,[citation needed] and are usually shown only in heavenly contexts, as opposed to performing tasks on Earth. They often appear in thependentives ofdomes orsemi-domes of churches.
Angels appear in Byzantine art in mosaics and icons. Artists found some of their inspiration from winged Greek figures such as "Victory". They also drew from imperial iconography. Court eunuchs could rise to positions of authority in the Empire. They performed ceremonial functions and served as trusted messengers. Amelia R. Brown points out that legislation under Justinian indicates that many of them came from the Caucasus, having light eyes, hair, and skin, as well as the "comely features and fine bodies" desired by slave traders.[14] Those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards,...." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".[14]
Daniel 10: 5–6 describes an angel as clothed in linen and girt with gold.[5] Angels, especially the archangel Michael, who were depicted as military-style agents of God, came to be shown wearingLate Antique military uniform. This could be either the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, armour breastplate andpteruges, but also often the specific dress of the bodyguard of theByzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and theloros, a long gold and jewelledpallium restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards, and in icons to archangels. The basic military dress it is still worn in pictures into theBaroque period and beyond in the West, and up to the present day inEastern Orthodoxicons. Other angels came to be conventionally depicted in long robes.
Medieval depictions of angels borrow from the Byzantine. In the FrenchHours of Anne of Brittany, Gabriel wears a dalmatic.[15] In the later Middle Ages they often wear the vestments of adeacon, acope over adalmatic, especiallyGabriel inAnnunciation scenes – for exampleThe Annunciation byJan van Eyck. This indicated that, for all their powers, they could not perform theEucharist, and were in this respect outranked by every priest, reinforcing the prestige of the clergy. InEarly Christian art white robes were almost invariably adopted, sometimes bound with the "golden girdle" of Revelation. During the mediæval period senior angels were often clad in every brilliant colour,[16] while junior ranks wore white. Early Renaissance painters such asJan van Eyck andFra Angelico painted angels with multi-colored wings. Depictions of angels came to combine medieval notions of beauty with feminine ideals of grace and beauty, as in da Panicale's 1435Baptism of Christ.[4]
.jpg)
The classicalerotes orputto re-appeared in art during theItalian Renaissance in both religious and mythological art, and is often known in English as acherub, the singular of cherubim, actually one of the higher ranks in theChristian angelic hierarchy. They normally appear in groups and are generally given wings in religious art, and are sometimes represented as just a winged head. They generally are just in attendance, except that they may be amusing Christ orJohn the Baptist as infants in scenes of theHoly Family.
The classic example of Renaissance art showing Erotes is the depiction ofEros andCupid.[17] In the Greek mythology, Eros and his Roman counterpart Cupid, are winged and have arrows they use to manipulate people to fall in love.[18]
In the late 19th century artists' modelJane Burden Morris came to embody an ideal of beauty forPre-Raphaelite painters. With the use of her long dark hair and features made somewhat more androgynous, they created a prototype Victorian angel which would appear in paintings and stained glass windows. Roger Homan notes thatEdward Burne-Jones and others used her image often and in different ways, creating a new type of angel.[19]
Angels continued to be depicted in the 20th century. One example is the large mosaic muralAngels of the Heavenly Host inSt Paul's, Bow Common, created during 1963–68 byCharles Lutyens.[20]
.png)
Angels in Islamic art often appear in illustrated manuscripts of Muhammad's life. Other common depictions of angels in Islamic art include angels with Adam and Eve in theGarden of Eden, angels discerning the saved from the damned on the Day of Judgement, and angels as a repeating motif in borders or textiles.[21] Islamic depictions of angels resemble winged Christian angels, although Islamic angels are typically shown with multicolored wings.[21] Angels, such as the archangel Gabriel, are typically depicted as masculine, which is consistent with God's rejection of feminine depictions of angels in several verses ofQuran.[22] Nevertheless, later depictions of angels in Islamic art are more feminine and androgynous.[21]
The 13th-century bookAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt(The Wonders of Creation) byZakariya al-Qazwini describes Islamic angelology, and is often illustrated with many images of angels. The angels are typically depicted with bright, vivid colors, giving them unusual liveliness and other-worldly translucence.[23] While some angels are referred to as "Guardians of the Kingdom of God," others are associated with hell. An undated manuscript ofThe Wonders of Creation from the Bavarian State Library in Munich includes depictions of angels both alone and alongside humans and animals.[23] Angels are also illustrated inTimurid andOttoman manuscripts, such asThe Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension (Mir‘ajnama) and theSiyer-i Nebi.[24]
Ferid_ed-Din_btv1b8427195m-1.jpg)
The Qur’an makes multiple references to angels. These angels take on both active and passive roles in Quranic stories. In the story of the creation of Adam, God announces to the angels that he intends to create man. The angels act as witnesses to this announcement and subsequent creation of Adam. Although there are many versions of the story, Islamic sources relate that God used the creation of Adam as a punishment or test for the angels. Therefore, the role of angels is often described as in opposition to man.[25]
Another angel-like creature mentioned in the Qu’ran (4:97, 32:11) is thezabāniya. Azabāniya is a black angel of hell that brings souls of sinners down to hell to punish them and can be seen in illustrations ofThe Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension (c. 1436 A.D.). There are nineteenzabāniya, led byMālik, an angel considered to be the master of fire or the gatekeeper of hell.[26]Mālik's andzabāniya's categorizations as angels are debated as some believe they are better described as spirits or demons. Actually, portrayal ofZabaniyya shares many traits characteristical for demons in Islamic arts.[27] As seen inThe Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension, Muhammad is greeted byMālik and later witnesses the torture of sinners carried out by thezabāniya.[24]
Similar, thefallen angelIblis is shown during his moment of refusal to prostrate himself before the newly created Adam, leading to his banishment to the bottom of hell. He is depicted as a black-skinned monstrous creature with horns and flaming eyes, in contrast to the presentation of the noble angels. Only his wings remain as a sign of his former angelic status, however with burned edges.[28]
Although depictions of Muhammad are often forbidden, the few that exist often include images of angels. Specifically, the Archangel Gabriel is frequently shown alongside Muhammad.[29] For example, inThe Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension, the Archangel Gabriel appears to Muhammad in Mecca to announce his ascension.[24] Kneeling before Muhammad, Gabriel is shown with colorful wings and a crown. Later inThe Timurid Book, Muhammad is shown with Gabriel meeting a group of angels in heaven. In theJami' al-tawarikh, a Persian history from the 14th century, Muhammad is depicted beside al-Buraq, whose tail is transformed into an angel, while two other angels approach.[24] A 16th-century Ottoman manuscript ofSiyer-i Nebi, a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, also includes many depictions of Muhammad alongside angels.[29]
Mainstream Rabbinic Judaism discourages focus from being placed on angels due to fears about idolatry and a desire to curtail any inclinations to polytheism. As such, many Jews do not make or display artworks of angels.[30] However, such art does exist, and has been consistently made throughout Rabbinic history, for example as in theDura Europos synagogue, where wingless humanoid angels dressed like Persians appear, as well as winged humanoids.[31] Overall, if angel art is popular in a time and place, there will be Jewish art that depicts angels as well.[30] Contemporary resistance and ignorance regarding angels in Judaism, and specifically in Jewish art, may partially stem from the current strong association between angels and Christianity.[32]
Sanoi, Sansoni, and Samanglif (also spelled Senoy, Sansenoy and Semangelof) are three angels that protect newborns. Depictions of them as small, non-human creatures occur on amulets and have had a small resurgence in popularity in recent years.[30] They are associated with theAlphabet of Ben Sira, where they attempt to retrieveLilith after she flees from Adam. When they cannot, they make her promise not to harm newborns if they are protecting them. The use of their names in amulets for children predates the story, and that was likely intended to explain an existing custom.[33]
Cherubim in their classic Jewish description are typically creatures with features of a human, lion, bird, and cattle in some combination. The variety of imagery here was common in the Ancient Near East,[31] and draws on that of thelamassu. The name cherub may come from that connection. It also draws on the imagery of thesphinx.[34] The descriptions of cherubim overall vary.[35] Similarly, the imagery used for seraphim derives from theuraeus, which appeared in ancient carvings from Judah. It particularly occurred onseals, where it was invoked as a protective symbol.[36][37]
While winged humanoid angels are strongly associated with Christianity, some academics argue that rather than Judaism occasionally adopting this imagery from Christianity, Christianity adopted it from Judaism. In text, humanoid beings with wings and no other unusual features appear as early as the writing ofZechariah 5:5–11. The most common wings are feathered, but occasionally winged humanoid angels in Jewish art have been depicted with butterfly wings.[31] Winged angels are sometimes also depicted withhalos.[38]
Angels are sometimes depicted as birds without human features.[38]
Humanoid angels appear in Ethiopian Jewish art traditions, which are traditionally non-Rabbinic.[30]
Many well-known pop culture depictions of angels in the West come from the work of Jewish writers.[30]
The use of winged angels in art spans several millennia and cuts across multiple cultures, with each culture associating these ethereal figures with various aspects. For instance, in the ancient Assyrian culture, there was a protective deity labelledlamassu. A lamassu is a hybrid figure that contains part human on the head, part bovine lion on the body, and enormous wings with feathers, completing the bird aspect of the deity.[39]
Ancient Greek mythology has been an integral part of art, serving as an inspiration to a large number of concepts in art. The culture had a winged figure, Ero, the son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, who became Cupid in the Roman Empire[39]
The Greek mythology associatesErotes with love and desire. While they are perceived as heavenly creatures, they contain power that can make a person fall in love based on their enchantments.[40]
The majority of ancient artwork portrayed Eros as being a slender yet well-built man wielding enormous sexual power. While Eros was not a popular figure in the classical period, the arrival of the Hellenistic period raised him back to prominence. The popularization ofErotes arises from the normalization of the Roman counterpart, Cupid, who has a bow and arrow that he uses to make people fall in love.[41] The majority of people who observeValentine's Day have or utilize stories related to Cupid and Eros.[42]
The classicalErotes orPutto re-appeared in art during theItalian Renaissance in both religious and mythological art, and is often known in English as acherub, the singular of cherubim, actually one of the higher ranks in theChristian angelic hierarchy. They normally appear in groups and are generally given wings in religious art, and are sometimes represented as just a winged head. They generally are just in attendance, except that they may be amusing Christ orJohn the Baptist as infants in scenes of theHoly Family
The Greek mythology associatesErotes with love and desire. While they are perceived as heavenly creatures, they contain power that can make a person fall in love based on their enchantments.[40] According to Greek mythology, Eros was associated with Gaia, mother earth goddess.
The majority of ancient artwork portrayed Eros as being a slender yet well-built man wielding enormous sexual power. While Eros was not a popular figure in the classical period, the arrival of the Hellenistic period raised him back to prominence. The popularization ofErotes arises from the normalization of the Roman counterpart, Cupid, who has a bow and arrow that he uses to make people fall in love.[41] The majority of people who observe Valentines Day have or utilize stories related to Cupid and Eros.[42] Eros or Cupid uses his arrow to manipulate people through the power of love, making his role as a god an intriguing one.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
%2c_f.1_-_BL_Add_MS_18724.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Because angels are purely spiritual creatures without bodies, there is no sexual difference between them. There are no male or female angels; they are not distinguished by gender.
