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Andrzej Wajda

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Polish film director (1926–2016)
"Wajda" redirects here. For the surname, seeWajda (surname).

Andrzej Wajda
Wajda in 1963
Born
Andrzej Witold Wajda

(1926-03-06)6 March 1926
Died9 October 2016(2016-10-09) (aged 90)
Warsaw, Poland
Alma materNational Film School in Łódź
Occupation(s)Film director, theatre director
Years active1951–2016
Spouses
Awards
Signature

Andrzej Witold Wajda (Polish:[ˈandʐɛjˈvajda]; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of anHonorary Oscar,[1] thePalme d'Or,[2] as well as HonoraryGolden Lion[3] andHonorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "Polish Film School". He was known especially for his trilogy of war films consisting ofA Generation (1955),Kanał (1957) andAshes and Diamonds (1958).[4]

He is considered one of the world's most renowned filmmakers,[5] whose works chronicled his native country's political and social evolution[6] and dealt with the myths of Polishnational identity offering insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience – the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.

Four of his films have been nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film:The Promised Land (1975),[7]The Maids of Wilko (1979),[8]Man of Iron (1981) andKatyń (2007).[9]

Early life

[edit]

Wajda was born inSuwałki,[10] the son of Aniela (née Białowąs), a school teacher, and Jakub Wajda, an army officer.[11] In 1942, he joined the Polish resistance and served in theHome Army. After the war, he studied to be a painter atKraków's Academy of Fine Arts before entering theŁódź Film School,[12] where many famous Polish directors, such asRoman Polanski, studied.

Early career

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After Wajda's apprenticeship to directorAleksander Ford, Wajda was given the opportunity to direct his own film.A Generation (1955) was his first major film. At the same time Wajda began his work as a director in theatre, includingMichael V. Gazzo'sA Hatful of Rain (1959),Hamlet (1960), andTwo for the Seesaw (1963) byWilliam Gibson. Wajda made two more increasingly accomplished films, which developed further the anti-war theme ofA Generation:Kanał (1957) (Special Jury Prize atCannes Film Festival in 1957, shared with Bergman'sThe Seventh Seal) andAshes and Diamonds (1958) withZbigniew Cybulski.[13]

While capable of turning out mainstream commercial fare (often dismissed as "trivial" by critics), Wajda was more interested in works ofallegory[14] andsymbolism,[15] and certain symbols (such as setting fire to a glass of liquor, representing the flame of youthful idealism that was extinguished by the war) recur often in his films.Lotna (1959) is full ofsurrealistic and symbolic scenes and shots, but he managed to explore other styles, makingnew wave styleInnocent Sorcerers (1960) with music byKrzysztof Komeda, starringRoman Polanski andJerzy Skolimowski (who was also a co-script writer) in the episodes. Then Wajda directedSamson (1961), the story of Jacob, a Jewish boy, who wants to survive during the Nazi occupation of Poland. In the mid-1960s Wajda madeThe Ashes (1965) based on the novel by Polish writerStefan Żeromski and directed several films abroad:Love at Twenty (1962),Siberian Lady Macbeth[16][17] (1962) andGates To Paradise (1968).

In 1967,Cybulski, a popular screen actor at the time, was killed in a train accident,[18] whereupon the director articulated his grief withEverything for Sale[19] (1968), considered one of his most personal films, using the technique of a film-within-a-film to tell the story of a film maker's life and work. The following year he directed an ironic satireHunting Flies[20] with the script written byJanusz Głowacki and a short television film calledPrzekładaniec based on a screenplay byStanisław Lem.[21]

Artistic recognition

[edit]
Andrzej Wajda (center), c. 1970

The 1970s were the most prolific artistic period for Wajda, who made over ten films:Landscape After the Battle (1970),Pilate and Others (1971),The Wedding (1972) – the film version of the famous Polish poetic drama byStanisław Wyspiański,The Promised Land (1975),Man of Marble (1977) – the film takes place in two time periods, the first film showing the episodes ofStalinism in Poland,The Shadow Line (1976),Rough Treatment (a.k.a.Without Anesthesia) (1978),The Orchestra Conductor (1980), starringJohn Gielgud; and two psychological and existential films based upon novels byJarosław Iwaszkiewicz –The Birch Wood (1970) andThe Maids of Wilko[22] (1979).The Birch Wood was entered into the7th Moscow International Film Festival where Wajda won the Golden Prize for Direction.[23]

Wajda continued to work in theatre, includingPlay Strindberg, Dostoyevsky'sThe Possessed andNastasja Filippovna – Wajda's version ofThe Idiot,November Night by Wyspiański,The Immigrants by Sławomir Mrożek,The Danton Affair orThe Dreams of Reason.[24]

Wajda during filming in 1974

Wajda's later commitment to Poland's burgeoningSolidarity movement was manifested inMan of Iron (1981), a thematic sequel toThe Man of Marble, with Solidarity leaderLech Wałęsa appearing as himself in the latter film. The film sequence is loosely based on the life ofAnna Walentynowicz, a hero of socialist laborStakhanovite turned dissident and alludes to events from real life, such as the firing of Walentynowicz from the shipyard and the underground wedding ofBogdan Borusewicz toAlina Pienkowska.[25] The director's involvement in this movement would prompt the Polish government to force Wajda's production company out of business. For the film, Wajda won thePalme d'Or at theCannes Film Festival.

In 1983, he directedDanton, starringGérard Depardieu in the title role, a film set in 1794 (Year Two of theFrench Republican calendar) dealing with thePost-Revolutionary Terror. Made against the backdrop of themartial law in Poland, Wajda showed how easily revolution can change into terror and start to "eat its own children."[26] For this film Wajda was honoured with theLouis Delluc Prize and aCésar Award for Best Director. In the 1980s, he also madeA Love in Germany (1983) featuringHanna Schygulla,The Chronicle of Amorous Incidents (1986) an adaptation ofTadeusz Konwicki's novel andThe Possessed (1988) based onDostoyevsky's novel. In theatre he prepared an interpretation of Dostoyevsky'sCrime and Punishment (1984) and other unique spectacles such asAntygone, his sequentialHamlet versions and the early 20th-century Jewish playThe Dybbuk. In 1989, he was the president of the jury at the16th Moscow International Film Festival.[27]

Career after 1990

[edit]
During the filming ofKatyń in 2007

In 1990, Andrzej Wajda was honoured by theEuropean Film Awards for his lifetime achievement, only the third director to be so honoured, afterFederico Fellini andIngmar Bergman. In the early 1990s, he was elected a senator and also appointed artistic director of Warsaw's Teatr Powszechny. He continued to make films set during World War II, includingKorczak[28] (1990), a story about a Jewish-Polish doctor who takes care of orphan children, inThe Crowned-Eagle Ring (1993) andHoly Week (1995) specifically on Jewish-Polish relations. In 1994, Wajda presented his own film version ofDostoyevsky's novelThe Idiot in the movieNastasja,[29] starring Japanese actor Tamasoburo Bando in the double role of Prince Mishkin and Nastasja. The film's cinematographer wasPaweł Edelman, who subsequently became one of Wajda's great collaborators. In 1996, the director went in a different direction withMiss Nobody,[30] a coming-of-age drama that explored the darker and more spiritual aspects of a relationship between three high-school girls. In 1999, Wajda released the epic filmPan Tadeusz,[31] based on theepic poem of the Polish 19th-century romantic poetAdam Mickiewicz.

A year later, at the2000 Academy Awards, Wajda was presented with anhonorary Oscar for his contribution to world cinema;[32] he subsequently donated the award toKraków'sJagiellonian University.[33] In 2002, Wajda directedThe Revenge, a film version of his 1980s comedy theatre production, withRoman Polanski in one of the main roles. In February 2006, Wajda received anHonorary Golden Bear for lifetime achievement at theBerlin International Film Festival.[34] In 2007,Katyń was released, a well-received film about theKatyń massacre, in which Wajda's father was murdered; the director also shows the dramatic situation of those who await their relatives (mothers, wives and children). The film was nominated for theBest Foreign Language Film Oscar in 2008.[35]

Wajda pictured with his wife,Krystyna Zachwatowicz, in 2010

Wajda followed it withSweet Rush (2009) withKrystyna Janda as a main character. It is partly based upon a shortJarosław Iwaszkiewicz novel. The film is dedicated toEdward Kłosiński, Janda's husband, a cinematographer and a long-time Wajda friend and co-worker who died of cancer the same year. For this film Wajda was awarded byAlfred Bauer Prize at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival. He received the Prix FIPRESCI during the 2009 European Film Awards.Walesa. Man of Hope (Wałęsa. Człowiek z nadziei), Wajda's biography ofLech Wałęsa, based on a script byJanusz Głowacki and starringRobert Więckiewicz in the title role, had its world premiere at the 2013Venice International Film Festival. His last film was the 2016Afterimage (Powidoki), starringBogusław Linda as Polish avant-garde painterWładysław Strzemiński.

Wajda founded The Japanese Centre of Art and Technology inKraków in 1994. In 2002, he founded and led his own film school with Polish filmmakerWojciech Marczewski. Students of Wajda School take part in different film courses led by famous European film makers.[36]

Personal life and death

[edit]

Wajda was married four times. His third wife was actressBeata Tyszkiewicz with whom he had a daughter, Karolina (born 1967). His fourth wife was the theatre costume designer and actressKrystyna Zachwatowicz.[37]

In September 2009, Wajda called for the release of directorRoman Polanski after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.[38]

Wajda died inWarsaw on 9 October 2016 at the age of 90 frompulmonary failure.[39][4] He was buried atSalwator Cemetery inKraków.[40]

Awards and honours

[edit]
Andrzej Wajda during theOrder of the White Eagle Award Ceremony in 2011
Salwator Cemetery
Andrzej Wajda tomb

Filmography

[edit]
Main article:Andrzej Wajda filmography

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Kaufman, Michael T. (10 October 2016)."Andrzej Wajda, Towering Auteur of Polish Cinema, Dies at 90".The New York Times. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  2. ^"Acclaimed Polish film director Andrzej Wajda dies aged 90".The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 9 October 2016. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  3. ^"Venice Film Festival to Honor Polish Auteur Andrzej Wajda".The Hollywood Reporter. 22 August 2013. Retrieved19 February 2017.
  4. ^abNatale, Richard (9 October 2016)."Andrzej Wajda, Celebrated Polish Director, Dies at 90".variety.com. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  5. ^ab"Andrzej Wajda". Retrieved9 June 2017.
  6. ^"Andrzej Wajda". Retrieved11 June 2017.
  7. ^"The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners".oscars.org. Retrieved18 March 2012.
  8. ^"The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners".oscars.org. Retrieved8 June 2013.
  9. ^Etkind, Alexander; Finnin, Rory; Blacker, Uilleam; Fedor, Julie; Lewis, Simon; Mälksoo, Maria; Mroz, Matilda (24 April 2013).Remembering Katyn. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 9780745662961.
  10. ^Lincoln, Ross A. (10 October 2016)."Andrzej Wajda Dies: Oscar & Palme d'Or-Winning Director Was 90".Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  11. ^"Andrzej Wajda Biography (1926?-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved14 August 2012.
  12. ^"Andrzej Wajda – Twórca".Culture.pl. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  13. ^"Andrzej Wajda, Oscar-Winning Polish Director, Dies at 90".hollywoodreporter.com. 9 October 2016. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  14. ^"Legendary Polish director Andrzej Wajda dies".buenosairesherald.com. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  15. ^Storey, Thomas (23 October 2013)."Man of Hope: Andrzej Wajda's Solidarity Trilogy".theculturetrip.com. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  16. ^design, Tomasz Wygoda – code, Katarzyna Lezenska – content, Belin Czechowicz -."Andrzej Wajda. Official Website of Polish movie director – Films – "Siberian Lady Macbeth"".wajda.pl. Archived fromthe original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved10 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^"Siberian Lady Macbeth".kinolorber.com. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  18. ^"Zbigniew Cybulski, Screen Idol Of Polish Youth, Killed by Train".The New York Times. 9 January 1967. p. 35.
  19. ^design, Tomasz Wygoda – code, Katarzyna Lezenska – content, Belin Czechowicz -."Andrzej Wajda. Official Website of Polish movie director – Films – "Everything For Sale"".wajda.pl. Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved10 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^design, Tomasz Wygoda – code, Katarzyna Lezenska – content, Belin Czechowicz -."Andrzej Wajda. Official Website of Polish movie director – Films – "Hunting Flies"".wajda.pl. Retrieved10 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^"FilmPolski.pl". Retrieved10 October 2016.
  22. ^Martin, Teena (6 March 2016)."Poland marks 90 birthday of leading filmmaker Andrzej Wajd".spartanecho.org. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  23. ^"7th Moscow International Film Festival (1971)".MIFF. Archived fromthe original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved22 December 2012.
  24. ^"Movie Reviews".The New York Times. 13 December 2019.
  25. ^Michael Szporer,Solidarity: The Great Workers Strike of 1980. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012
  26. ^Szporer, Mieczyslaw [Michael] (Winter 1983–1984). "Andrzej Wajda's Reign of Terror: Danton's Polish Ambiance".Film Quarterly.37 (2):27–34.doi:10.2307/3697387.JSTOR 3697387.
  27. ^"16th Moscow International Film Festival (1989)".MIFF. Archived fromthe original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved24 February 2013.
  28. ^Willard, Dan (23 November 2015)."Korczak (1990)".filmsbytheyear.com. Archived fromthe original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  29. ^"miss nobody wajda – Google Search".google.com.au. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  30. ^Elley, Derek (16 March 1997)."Review: 'Miss Nobody'".variety.com. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  31. ^"Central Europe Review – Film: Wajda's Pan Tadeusz".ce-review.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2000. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  32. ^Storozynski, Alex (26 March 2000)."Poland's Movie Conscience: Academy Honors Andrzej Wajda for his films of freedom".The New York Daily News. p. 6. Retrieved13 September 2016.
  33. ^"Polish film-maker donates oscar to university".The Vancouver Sun. No. Final Edition. Vancouver, B.C. 7 April 2000. p. D9.
  34. ^ab"Prizes & Honours 2006".Berlin International Film Festival. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  35. ^Bradshaw, Peter (18 June 2009)."Katyn".The Guardian. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  36. ^"Strona Wajda School & Studio tymczasowo niedost pna".wajdaschool.pl. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  37. ^"Krystyna Zachwatowicz-Wajda – Twórca".Culture.pl. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  38. ^"Outcry over Polanski's detention".BBC News. 28 September 2009.
  39. ^"Polish film director Andrzej Wajda dies".BBC News. 10 October 2016. Retrieved10 October 2016.
  40. ^"Andrzej Wajda nie żyje. Wybitny reżyser miał 90 lat".gazeta.pl. 9 October 2016. Retrieved9 October 2016.
  41. ^"MAGYAR KÖZLÖNY"(PDF). Retrieved3 November 2019.
  42. ^"Latvijas un Polijas prezidents pārrunā ekonomisko sadarbību, enerģētikas jautājumus, sadarbību". Archived fromthe original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved4 November 2019.
  43. ^"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10.08.2010 г. № 996" (in Russian). Президент России. Retrieved8 April 2023.
  44. ^"Медведев наградил Анджея Вайду орденом Дружбы — Новости Политики. Новости@Mail.ru". 12 January 2012. Archived fromthe original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved24 September 2017.
  45. ^"Andrzej Wajda otrzymał Order Chorwackiej Jutrzenki". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  46. ^"Wajda nagrodzony orderem Jarosława Mądrego". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  47. ^"Teenetemärkide kavalerid". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  48. ^"LIETUVOS RESPUBLICOS PREZIDENTE". Archived fromthe original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved4 November 2019.
  49. ^"Gloria Artis – Złoty Medal Zasłużony Kulturze". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  50. ^"Legia Honorowa dla Andrzeja Wajdy". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  51. ^"THE 72ND ACADEMY AWARDS 2000". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  52. ^"Wajda Sig. Andrzej". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  53. ^"Berlinale: 1997 Prize Winners".berlinale.de. Archived fromthe original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved8 January 2012.
  54. ^"Berlinale: 1996 Prize Winners".berlinale.de. Archived fromthe original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved1 January 2012.
  55. ^"Berlinale: 1988 Programme".berlinale.de. Retrieved6 March 2011.
  56. ^"Andrzej Wajda Kyoto Prize". Retrieved4 November 2019.
  57. ^"9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975)".MIFF. Archived fromthe original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved4 January 2013.
  58. ^"Nowiny Rzeszowskie : organ KW Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. 1964, nr 154-180 (lipiec)". Retrieved4 November 2019.

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