| Andriivskyi Descent | |
|---|---|
Андріївський узвіз (Andriyivs′kyi uzviz) | |
 General view of Andrew's Descent with theSaint Andrew's Church in the background. | |
  Location within Kyiv | |
| General information | |
| Location | Podil,Old Kyiv |
| Town or city | Kyiv |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Coordinates | 50°27′36″N30°30′59″E / 50.46000°N 30.51639°E /50.46000; 30.51639 |
| Official name | Замкова гора — Андріївський узвіз (Zamkova Hora — Andriivskyi Descent) |
| Type | Urban Planning |
| Reference no. | 260060-Н |
Andriivskyi Descent orAndrew's Descent[1][2][3][4] (Ukrainian:Андріївський узвіз,Andriivs′kyi uzviz) is a historic descent connectingKyiv's Upper Town neighborhood and the historically commercialPodil neighborhood. The street, often advertised by tour guides and operators as the "Montmartre of Kyiv", is a major tourist attraction of the city.[5][6] It is included in the list of national landmarks by a government resolution.[7][a] In addition, the street is also part of the Kyiv city historic reserve "Ancient Kyiv", while the St. Andrew's Church belongs to the National historic reserve "Sophia of Kyiv".
The descent, 720 metres (2,360 ft) in length, is constructed of laid cobblestones and connectsOld Kyiv (Upper city) withPodil (Lower city). It starts at the end ofVolodymyrska Street and winds down steeply around theZamkova Hora hill, ending near theKontraktova Square. Andrew's Descent is marked by some historic landmarks, including theCastle of Richard the Lionheart, the 18th centurybaroqueSaint Andrew's Church, famedRussian writerMikhail Bulgakov's house, and numerous other monuments.
Recent talk of the descent's reconstruction has been going since 2006, when a localgrassroots organization aimed at saving Andrew's Descent collected more than 1,000 signatures to petition local authorities to take action on the descent's reconstruction.[citation needed] On June 23, 2009, theKyiv City Council administration approved the reconstruction of Andrew's Descent,[9] which had been officially announced a year earlier byMayorLeonid Chernovetskyi. The exact timeline for reconstruction has not yet been adopted, although the reconstruction's budget has been drafted in the city's 2010 budget.[9]
Andrew's Descent begins on the summit of the Starokyivska Hora (Old Kyivmountain) near the ornate late-baroqueSaint Andrew's Church (which gave the street its current name). The street continues on down and descends to thePodil district where it ends at theKontraktova Square. In the past times, the descent was known as theBorychiv Descent mentioned as "Borichev uvoz" (Old East Slavic: Боричев увоз) byNestor the Chronicler in hisPrimary Chronicle and in the 12th century poem,The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Slovo o polku Ihorevim).[10] The descent's current name is derived from the 18th century, at the time when the Saint Andrew's Church was erected atop the hill.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the street was mainly inhabited by merchants and craftspeople.[6] Although they are long gone due to the sweeping demographic changes[11] in Kyiv during times of the lateRussian Empire and the Soviet Union, the street is once again thriving thanks to its unique topology, architecture, rich history and also many gift shops and small art galleries showcasing various paintings and sculptures by Ukrainian artists. The descent is one of the favorite spots for tourists.[6] It is also notable for the manyfestivals it holds, including various art festivals[6] and theKyiv Day celebrations on the last weekend of May.[12]
The street's location in the city and its landmark attraction has made it lately a highly prestigious area, with several new luxurious restaurants. However, the descent's sewer and water systems have not been upgraded within the past 100 years, thereby underlining the need for a new system to be installed.[13] Although, city authorities have not yet scheduled a new sewer project system to be installed.[13]
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The descent, located between two hills, is the shortest passageway from the historic Old or Upper Town (Ukrainian:Князівська Гора;Kniazivs’ka Hora) to the commercialPodil neighborhood.[12] One of the hills, known asUzdyhal’nytsia, was the place wherepre-Christian idols once stood (see:Baptism of Kyiv), and another hill, calledZamkova Hora, served as a castle hill during theMiddle Ages. For many centuries, this passageway was very steep and inconvenient, that's the reason why there were not any settlements for a long time. The first buildings were erected here only in the 17th century, and the first apartment buildings began appearing towards the end of the 19th century.[citation needed]
In 1711, by the order of then-Governor of Kyiv, the route between the Zamkova and Andriivskyi mountains were expanded, thus allowing traffic to become more suitable for horses and wagon carriages. Andrew's Descent was renamed in 1920 in honor of young revolutionary Georgiy Liver.[citation needed] In 1944, it was decided to return the street to its prior name; in 1957, the street was renamed back to Andreevsky Spusk—theRussian variant of Andrew's Descent.[14] In the 1980s, Andrew's Descent received a thorough reconstruction after years of disrepair.[15]
On April 9, 2012, construction workers began demolishing legally protected historic structures, even though earlier that year, their safety was guaranteed at several news conferences and the buildings themselves were included in scale models of the "renovated" descent. The destruction of the buildings took place under the guise of "reconstruction" efforts, which began in October 2011. Preliminary reports indicate that the buildings directly across from, and next to the Museum of Bulgakov, (Buildings 10a, 10b, and 9/11) were all razed to the ground. The land was being redeveloped to make room for a new office and business complex to houseRinat Akhmetov's Kyiv operations.[16][17]
Several hundred protestors, including boxer/politicianVitali Klitschko, gathered outside the main Kyiv office of Akhmetov'sSCM Holdings.[18] On April 12, Akhmetov claimed he had canceled plans to build a multi-story business center in the buildings’ place, promising instead to build a cultural center and restore the facades.[18]
Andrew's Descent contains numerous historic attractions and museums. The 18th century baroqueSaint Andrew's Church; the late 19th centuryMikhail Bulgakov's house-museum; the 20th century Castle ofRichard the Lionheart; the Museum of One Street, chronicling the history of Andrew's Descent; and numerous other monuments attract tourists and Kyiv residents alike to the area.
Another attraction of Andrew's Descent is thebaroque Saint Andrew's Church. It is located atop a hill overlooking the Podil neighborhood from Andrew's Descent. The idea to construct the Saint Andrew's Church came from the RussianTsaressElizabeth Petrovna. When she visited Kyiv in 1747–1754, she laid the foundation brick of the church with her own hand, after which the church was constructed, to a design by the imperial architectBartolomeo Rastrelli.[15]
As the Tsaress planned to take personal care of the church, the church has no parish, and there is no belltower to call the congregation to divine service. But she died before the construction ended, so the church was never cared for by Elizabeth Petrovna. After Elizabeth's death, the Kyiv court took no interest maintaining in the church, last consecrated in 1767. Later, there were not enough funds to maintain the church, which left the maintaining of the church to private and voluntary funds, such as Andrey Muraviov.[15]
In 1963, Rastrelli's original plans for the building were found inVienna, Austria.[15] This made it possible to reconstruct the original images on the building. The plan of restoration was carried out in the 1970s, overlooked by the main architect-restorer, V. Korneyeva.[19] Since 1968, the church has been opened as a museum to tourists and visitors. From 2008 to 2018, the church was owned by theUkrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church,[20] but since then it was transferred to theEcumenichal Patriarchate of Constantinople.[21]
The "Castle of Richard the Lionheart" house was built from 1902 to 1904. It was originally supposed to be called Orlov House in reference to its constructor Dmitry Orlov. But because its owner failed to clear the house construction with the city's authorities, a major scandal arose.[15]Viktor Nekrasov named the building "The Castle ofRichard the Lionheart", after the 12th century English king in his book. It has been established that the modernizedGothic fronts were practically copied from a published design for aSaint Petersburg building by the architect R. Marfeld. But the stunning relief of Andrew's Descent softened the effect of this plagiarism.[15]
The cellar of the building contained a barber's shop, a grocery store and a butcher shop. The remaining premises were used as apartments for rent. When Dimitri Orlov died in 1911 while building a railroad in theRussian Far East, his widow, left with five children, had to sell off the house to pay her family's debts.[22] In 1983, renovation works were started on the building to convert it into a hotel.[22] Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, various reconstruction works have been largely unsuccessful. As of 2009, the Castle of Richard the Lionheart still stands empty and fenced off in renovation.[22]
Mikhail Bulgakov, a famous Kyiv-bornRussian writer, and his family lived on the street at two different houses in the early-20th century. In Bulgakov's novelThe White Guard the author vividly describes the street and house[15] (he calls itAleksey Descent - "Alekseevskiy Spusk") in the turbulent times of the1917 Russian Revolution. The address, at No. 13 Andrew's Descent is still commonly called the Bulgakov House and displays a plaque with the address the writer used in his book (No.13 Alekseevsky Spusk) (see image). Popular writer's statue is also installed near museum.
A museum was opened inside the preserved building to mark the 100th birthday of Mikhail Bulgakov on May 15, 1991.[15] The upper floor of the museum houses an exhibition of various Bulgakov objects, and the lower floor contains thematic exhibitions.[15] The house, built in 1888 and designed by architect N. Gardenin, was thoroughly renovated before the opening of the museum.[15] A memorial plaque with Bulgakov's portrait is now hanging on the front of the building.[15]
The One Street Museum is another main attraction of Andrew's Descent, which houses many of the historic items of the descent, containing more than 6,500 exhibits. They include information about the Saint Andrew's Church, the castle of Richard Lionheart, and the many other buildings of the Descent.[23]
Also, the museum has a unique collection of various works by Ukrainian philologist P. Zhitetsky, Arabist and professor of the Kyiv University T. Kezma, journalist and public figure A.Savenko, Ukrainian writer G.Tyutyunnyk, which have lived in the house No. 34 in the different periods of the twentieth century.[23] Another important part of the collection in the museum is the memorabilia of professors of Kyiv Theological Academy A. Bulgakov, S. Golubev, P. Kudryavtsev, F. Titov, A.Glagolev, famed doctors Th. Janovsky and D. Popov, and other prominent local figures.[23]
The museum also has a large collection of antique books. Book relics of the exposition include a famousTrebnik of the Metropolitan of KyivPetro Mohyla, rare editions of works written by professors and graduates of theKyiv-Mohyla Academy, unique books written by the Ukrainian Walter Scott, M.Grabovsky, the Defender of Orthodoxy, A.Muravyov, and the works ofMikhail Bulgakov published in his lifetime.
The castle was built byVladimir Olgerdovich, a progenitor of theOlelkovich family, in 1362. After being partially destroyed in 1648, in 1658 it was rebuilt as the Old Kyiv Fortress by the Russian city garrison.
Andrew's Descent also has a number of monuments. One of them is the monument toYaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince ofNovgorod and Kyiv, which depicts him holding a model of theSaint Sophia Cathedral. Another is the monument to Pronya Prokopovna and Svirid Golohvastov, which was unveiled in 1989, depicting two characters, Pronya Prokopovna and Svirid Golohvastov, from the playChasing Two Rabbits, which was written byMykhailo Starytskyi.[24] Another main monument on the street is dedicated to the famous Ukrainian poet and artistTaras Shevchenko, located to the right of the monument to Yaroslav the Wise.[25] The Shevchenko monument is the first monument to Shevchenko in Ukraine and was originally unveiled inRomny on 27 October 1918.[26]
Most recently, in 2007, a monument to Mikhail Bulgakov was opened on Andrew's Descent, the first dedicated to the writer in the former Soviet Union.[27]
During its long history, Andrew's Descent has a couple of legends surround it.
One legend states that whenAndrew the Apostle visited the uninhabited mountains in the mid-stream of theDnieper River (today's Andrew's Descent area), he put up a cross atop of the hill where the descent starts and prophesied a foundation of a great Christian city. Since that time, wooden churches sprang up around in the vicinity, completing his prophecy.[5]
According to another legend, there was once a sea where theDnieper River now flows. When Saint Andrew came to Kyiv and erected a cross on the place where the Saint Andrew's Church now stands, the sea went away. The only part that remained of the sea is under the mountain on which Kyiv sits today. When the church was built there in the 18th century, a spring opened under the altar. The church has no bells, because, according to the legend, when the first bell strikes, the water can revive again and flood the left bank of Kyiv.[5]
