At the age of 16 in 1995, Breivik was arrested for sprayinggraffiti on walls.[21][22] He was not chosen forconscription into theNorwegian Armed Forces. At the age of 20, he joined the anti-immigrationProgress Party, and chaired the local Vest Oslo branch of the party's youth organization in 2002. He joined a gun club in 2005.[23] He left the Progress Party in 2006. A company he founded was later declared bankrupt.[24] He had no declared income in 2009 and his assets were 390,000 kroner (equivalent toUS$72,000),[25] according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[26] He financed the terror attacks with €130,000,[26] using nine credit cards.[27]
On the day of the attacks, Breivik emailed acompendium of texts entitled "2083: A European Declaration of Independence", describing his militant ideology.[28][29][30][31] In them, he stated his opposition toIslam and blamedfeminism for a European "cultural suicide".[32][33] The text called for the deportation of all Muslims from Europe,[34][35] and Breivik wrote that his mainmotive for the attacks was to publicize his manifesto.[36] In it, he cites a quotation attributed toNapoleon, "He who saves his country, violates no law", as justification for the attacks.[37] Two teams of court-appointedforensic psychiatrists examined Breivik beforehis trial. The first team diagnosed Breivik with paranoidschizophrenia,[38] but after this initial finding was criticized,[39] a second evaluation concluded that he was not psychotic during the attacks but did havenarcissistic personality disorder andantisocial personality disorder.[40][41] In prison, Breivik became a supporter ofDonald Trump[42] andRussia under Vladimir Putin.[43]
In 2016, Breivik won a partial victory in a lower court;[44] however, the case was lost on appeal in a higher court. Other than that, Breivik has repeatedly but unsuccessfully sued theNorwegian Correctional Service and appealed to theEuropean Convention on Human Rights over solitary confinement and refusal of parole, which Breivik claims violated hishuman rights.
In December 2024, a five-day trial took place ina court of appeals[45][46] as Breivik sued the Government of Norway for violating his human rights by keeping him in prison isolation.[47][48][49]
Breivik was born inOslo on 13 February 1979,[50][51] the son of Jens Breivik (born 1935), acivil economist, who worked as adiplomat for the Norwegian Embassy inLondon and later inParis, and Wenche Elisabeth Behring (1946–2013), a nursing assistant. He has a maternal half-sister named Elisabeth, and three paternal half-siblings: Erik, Jan, and Nina.[52] Breivik lived in London until aged one, when his parents divorced. His family name is Breivik, and hismiddle name, Behring, is his mother's maiden name. In 2017, it was reported he had changed hislegal name to Fjotolf Hansen.[53]
From 1982 to 1994, Breivik lived with his mother in this apartment building in theSkøyen neighbourhood of Oslo'sUllern borough. Previously, he had lived in Oslo's Frogner district (now inFrogner borough).
When Breivik was aged four, and living in Oslo'sFrogner borough, two reports were filed expressing concern about his mental health.[54] Apsychologist in one report made a note of the boy's peculiar smile, suggesting it was not anchored in his emotions but was rather a deliberate response to his environment.[55] In another report from Norway's National Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SSBU), concerns were raised about how Breivik was treated by his mother: "[s]he 'sexualised' the young Breivik, hit him, and frequently told him that she wished that he were dead."
In the report, Wenche Behring is described as "a woman with an extremely difficult upbringing,borderline personality disorder and an all-encompassing if only partially visible depression" who "projects her primitive aggressive and sexual fantasies onto [Breivik]".[56] The report recommended he be forcibly removed from his mother and placed into foster care, as she was heavily emotionally and psychologically abusive towards him, but this was not carried out by theChild Welfare Service.[57][58]
Breivik's mother had fled her abusive home at age 17 and soon after that became a teenage mother. In her thirties, she became pregnant with Anders and married his father, Jens Breivik. During her pregnancy, she moved to London, where Jens worked.[58] Even before his birth, Breivik's mother developed a disdain for her son. She claimed that he was a "nasty child" and that he was "kicking her on purpose". She had wanted anabortion, but by the time she went to a hospital, she had passed the three-month threshold. Psychologist reports later stated that she thought that Breivik was a "fundamentally nasty and evil child and determined to destroy her". She stoppedbreastfeeding her son early on because he was "sucking the life out of her".[58]
A year after Breivik's birth, his parents' relationship ended. Breivik's mother moved back toOslo, where she borrowed[59] Jens Breivik's apartment in the Frogner borough. Neighbours claimed that there were noises of fights and that the mother left her children alone for extended periods, while she was working as a nurse. In 1981, Breivik's mother applied forfinancial welfare benefits;[59] in 1982, she applied forrespite care for her son. She said that she was overwhelmed with the boy and unable to care for him. She described him as "clingy and demanding". Breivik was then placed, in cooperation with the Child Welfare Service, with a young couple, who later told police that the mother, when bringing two-year-old Breivik to the house, had asked that he be allowed to touch the man'spenis because he had no one to compare himself to in terms of appearance; "He has only ever seengirls' parts", the mother told the couple, according to the couple's undated statement to police.[60]
In February 1983, on the advice of her neighbours, Breivik's mother sought help from the National Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SSBU); Breivik and his mother wereoutpatients, and they stayed there during the daytime for about one month. The psychiatrists' conclusion of the stay was that Breivik should be placed in thefoster care system and had to be removed from his mother for him to develop normally. This was based on several observations: Breivik had little emotional engagement and did not show joy, or cry when he was hurt; he also made no attempts to play with other children, was extremely clean, and becameanxious when his toys were not in order.
Psychologists believed that Breivik's mother had punished him and reacted extremely negatively to him displaying emotions leading him to become devoid of any visible emotions. His mother had also claimed that he was unclean and that she constantly had to care for him. Psychologists believed that Breivik had developedobsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) because of fear of punishment from his mother. He did not show the normal level of uncleanliness of a four-year-old and had no repertoire on how to express emotions normally. On rare occasions, his long phases of emotional voidness would be interrupted by fits where he would erupt and display extreme uncontrolled emotions.[58]
Reports of the staff said that his mother had told Breivik that she "wished that he was dead" while she knew that she was being observed by health personnel. At the same time she bound him emotionally to her, alternating between great affection and extreme cruelty from one moment to the next. Some nights, Breivik and his mother would share the bed with close body contact.[61] The psychiatrists concluded this was an unacceptable situation for a four-year-old to be in and the report from 1983 stated: "Anders is a victim of his mother's projections of paranoid-aggressive and sexual fears toward men in general", and "she projects onto him her own primitive, aggressive and sexual fantasies; all the qualities in men that she regards as dangerous and aggressive". Breivik reacted very negatively to his mother and alternated between clinginess, petty aggression and extreme childishness.[58]
The final conclusion of the observation was that the "family is in dire need of help. Anders should be removed from the family and given a better standard of care; the mother is provoked by him and remains in an ambivalent position which prevents him from developing on his own terms. Anders has become an anxious, passive child that averts making contact. He displays a manic defense mechanism of restless activity and a feigned, deflecting smile. Considering the profoundly pathological relationship between Anders and his mother it is crucial to make an early effort to ward off a severely skewed development in the boy." However, Child Welfare Services did not follow this recommendation, and instead he was placed in respite care only during the weekends.[58]
When Breivik's father learned of the situation, he filed for custody. Although Breivik's mother had agreed to have him put in respite care, after Jens had filed for custody she demanded that Breivik be put back into full custody with her. Both the mother and father involved lawyers and eventually, the case was dropped because the Welfare Services thought that they would not be able to provide enough evidence in court to warrant the placement of Breivik infoster care. One of the main reasons for this was the testimony of staff from the Vigelandsparken Nursery, which Breivik had been attending since 1981, who both described him as a happy child and claimed that nothing was or had been wrong with him all along.
The SSBU, however, maintained their stance regarding Breivik, going so far as to state that "urgent action is crucially needed to prevent a severely skewed development in the boy". The SSBU wrote Child Welfare Services a letter claiming that an order should be placed to have Breivik removed by force. In 1984, a hearing in front of Barnevernsnemnda (the municipal child welfare committee) took place on whether Breivik's mother should lose custody of him. The Child Welfare Service lost the case; the agency was represented by asocial worker with no prior experience representing a case in front of the committee.[59] It was ruled only that the family should be supervised; however, after only three visits, even this supervision was discontinued. Breivik was never again put into respite care or foster care.[58]
Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High,Hartvig Nissens School andOslo Commerce School.[62][63][citation needed] A former classmate recalled that Breivik was an intelligent student, physically stronger than others of the same age, who often took care of people who were bullied.[64] Breivik resided with his mother and elder half-sister in theWest End of Oslo,[65][59] regularly visiting his father and stepmother, who had now moved to France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother remarried to an officer in the Norwegian Army.[54] Breivik chose to beconfirmed into the LutheranChurch of Norway at the age of 15.[66][67][68][69]
In his adolescence, Breivik's behaviour was described as rebellious. In his early teen years, he was a prolificgraffiti artist and part of thehip hop music community in Oslo West. He took his graffiti much more seriously than his associates did, and was caught by the police on several occasions; Child Welfare Services were notified once again and he was fined twice.[21] According to Breivik's mother, his father ceased contact with him at the age of 15 after he was caught and fined for spraying graffiti on walls in 1995.[21][22][70] According to Breivik's father, however, his son was the one who ended contact, as he claimed, "I was always willing to see [Anders]," despite his destructive activities.[71] At this age, Anders fell out with his best friend and broke off contact with the hip-hop community.[72]
Beginning in adolescence, Breivik spent his spare time weight training and started to useanabolic steroids. He focused on his appearance and strength.[73]
Breivik was exempt fromconscription intomilitary service in the Norwegian Army and had no military training.[74] TheNorwegian Defence Security Department, which conducts thevetting process, says he was deemed "unfit for service" at the mandatory conscript assessment.[75] After age 21, Breivik worked in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".[26] A former co-worker described him as an "exceptional colleague",[76] while a close friend of his said he usually had a bigego.
Breivik is reported to have travelled extensively and visited up to 24 countries in the years before the attacks,[77] includingBelarus in 2005.[78] Norwegian prosecuting authorities claim that Breivik went to Belarus to meet a woman he had met on a dating website. The same woman later visited him in Oslo.[79] Norwegian police sent legal requests to sixteen countries to investigate Breivik following his attacks.[80] According to acquaintances, in his early twenties Breivik hadcosmetic surgery on his chin, nose and forehead, and was pleased with the results.[73]
Breivik claimed that in 2002, at the age of 23, he started a nine-year plan to finance the 2011 attacks, forming his owncomputer programming business while working at a customer service company. He claimed his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he had made his first millionkroner at the age of 24. He wrote in his manifesto that he lost 2 million kroner on stock speculation, but still had about 2 million kroner to finance the attack.[27] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[24] He then moved into his mother's home in order to save money. The first set of psychiatrists who evaluated him said in their report that his mental health deteriorated at this stage and he entered a state of withdrawal and isolation.[81] His declared assets in 2007 were aboutkr 630,000 (US$76,244[25]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[26] He claimed that by 2008 he had about kr 2,000,000 (US$243,332[25]) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[27]
In May 2009, he founded Breivik Geofarm,[82] described as a farmingsole proprietorship set up to cultivate melons and vegetables including root vegetables andtubers.[83] In 2010, he visitedPrague in an unsuccessful attempt to buy illegal weapons, so he decided to use legal channels in Norway instead.[84] He bought one semi-automatic 9 mmGlock 34 pistol, legally by demonstrating his membership in a pistol club in the police application for a gun license, and a semi-automaticRuger Mini-14 rifle by possessing a hunting license.[85] Breivik had no declared income in 2009 and his assets amounted to 390,000 kroner ($72,063),[25] according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[26] He stated that in January 2010 his funds were "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards so he could have access to funds during his preparations.[27] Breivik had covered up the windows of his house. A former neighbour described him as a "city dweller, who wore expensive shirts and who knew nothing about rural ways". The owner of a local bar, who once worked as a profiler of passengers' body language atOslo Airport, said there was nothing unusual about Breivik, who was an occasional customer at the bar.[86]
In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area north ofÅsta inÅmot Municipality,Innlandet county, about 140 km (87 mi) north-east of Oslo,[87][88] the site of his farm. According to his manifesto, Breivik used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificialfertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing ofexplosives.[87][89] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[90] The newspaperVerdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought a small quantity of an explosive primer from an online shop in Poland, his name was among sixty passed to thePolice Security Service (PST) by theNorwegian Customs Service as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. He set the cost of the preparations for the attacks at €317,000—"130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." [sic][26]
The second attack took place less than two hours later at a youth summer camp on the island ofUtøya inTyrifjorden,Buskerud. The camp was organised by the AUF, the youth wing of the ruling NorwegianLabour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification,[97][98] took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, methodically killing 69[99][100] and injuring 32 over more than an hour.[95][96] Among the dead were friends of Stoltenberg, and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princessMette-Marit.[101]
When thepolice tactical unitDelta based in Oslo arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.[102] After his arrest he was held on the island and interrogated throughout the night, before being moved to a holding cell in Oslo. Breivik admitted to the crimes and said the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover, and that the Labour Party had to "pay the price" for "letting down Norway and the Norwegian people".[103] After his arrest, Breivik referred to himself as "the greatest monster sinceQuisling".[104]
On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian criminal code,[105][106] "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[107] both of which are acts of terrorism under Norwegian law. He was held for eight weeks, the first four in solitary confinement, pending further court proceedings.[105][108] The custody was extended in subsequent hearings.[109] The indictment was ready in early March 2012. TheDirector of Public Prosecutions had initially decided to omit the names of the victims and details about their deaths from the publicly released document, but reversed this decision due to public reaction.[110] On 30 March, theBorgarting Court of Appeal announced that it had scheduled the expected appeal case for 15 January 2013. It would be heard in the courtroom that had been specially constructed for the initial criminal case.[111]
Breivik was kept atIla Detention and Security Prison after arrest. There, he had at his disposal three prison cells: one where he could rest, sleep, and watch DVDs and TV, a second that was set up for him to use a computer withoutInternet access, and a third with gymnasium equipment. Only selected prison staff with special qualifications were allowed to work around him, and the prison management aimed to not let his presence as a high-security prisoner affect any of the other inmates.[112] Subsequent to the January 2012 lifting of censorship of letters and banning of visitors, Breivik received several inquiries from private individuals,[113] and he devoted his time to writing back to like-minded people. According to one of his attorneys, Breivik wanted to learn whether his manifesto had begun to take root in society. Breivik's attorneys, in consultation with Breivik, considered whether to have some of his interlocutors called as witnesses during the trial.[114] Media outlets, both Norwegian and international, requested to interview Breivik. The first such was cancelled by the prison administration following a background check of the journalist. A second interview was agreed to by Breivik, and the prison requested a background check to be done by the police in the country of the journalist. No information was divulged about the media organisations in question.[115]
According to the report, Breivik displayedinappropriate andblunted affect and a severelack of empathy. He spoke incoherently inneologisms and had actedcompulsively based on a universe of bizarre,grandiose anddelusional thoughts. Breivik alluded to himself as the futureregent of Norway, master of life and death, while calling himself "inordinately loving" and "Europe's most perfectknight since WWII". He was convinced that he was a warrior in a "low-intensity civil war" and had been chosen tosave his people. Breivik described plans to carry out further "executions of categories A, B and C traitors" by the thousands, the psychiatrists included, and to organize Norwegians in reservations for the purpose ofselective breeding. Breivik believed himself to be the "knightJusticiar grand master" of aTemplar organisation. He was deemed to be suicidal and homicidal by the psychiatrists.[116] According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later said "this provides new opportunities".[118]
The outcome of Breivik's first competency evaluation was fiercely debated in Norway by mental health experts, over the court-appointed psychiatrists' opinion and the country's definition of criminal insanity.[119][120] An extended panel of experts from theNorwegian Board of Forensic Medicine reviewed the submitted report and approved it "with no significant remarks".[121] News in the meantime emerged that the psychiatric medical staff in charge of treating prisoners atIla Detention and Security Prison did not make any observations that suggested he had either psychosis, depression or was suicidal. According to senior psychiatrist Randi Rosenqvist, who was commissioned by the prison to examine Breivik, he rather appeared to havepersonality disorders.[120][122][123]
Counsels representing families and victims filed requests that the court order a second opinion, while the prosecuting authority and Breivik's lawyer initially did not want new experts to be appointed. On 13 January 2012, after much public pressure, the Oslo District Court ordered a second expert panel to evaluate Breivik's mental state.[124] He initially refused to cooperate with new psychiatrists,[125] but later changed his mind, and in late February a new period of psychiatric observation using different methods than the first ones was begun.
If the original diagnosis had been upheld by the court, Breivik could not have been sentenced to a prison term; the prosecution could instead have requested that he be detained in apsychiatric hospital.[126] Medical advice would then have determined whether or not the courts decided to release him at some later point. If considered a perpetual danger to society, Breivik could have been kept in confinement for life.[127] Shortly after the second period of pre-trial psychiatric observation was begun, the prosecution said it expected Breivik would be declared legally insane.[128][129]
On 10 April 2012, the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic, either during the attacks or during evaluation.[40] Instead, they diagnosedantisocial personality disorder andnarcissistic personality disorder.[41][130][131] Breivik expressed hope at being declared sane in a letter sent to several Norwegian newspapers shortly before his trial, in which he wrote about the prospect of being sent to a psychiatric ward: "I must admit this is the worst thing that could have happened to me as it is the ultimate humiliation. To send a political activist to a mental hospital is more sadistic and evil than to kill him! It is a fate worse than death."[132]
On 8 June 2012, Professor of PsychiatryUlrik Fredrik Malt testified in court as an expert witness, saying he found it unlikely that Breivik had schizophrenia. According to Malt, Breivik primarily hadAsperger syndrome,Tourette syndrome, narcissistic personality disorder and possiblyparanoid psychosis.[133] Malt cited a number of factors in support of his diagnoses, including deviant behaviour as a child, extreme specialization in Breivik's study of weapons and bomb technology, strange facial expression, a remarkable way of talking, and an obsession with numbers.[134] Eirik Johannesen disagreed, concluding that Breivik was lying and was not delusional or psychotic.[135] Johannesen had observed and spoken to Breivik for more than twenty hours.[136]
In the pre-trial hearing, in February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his "pre-emptive attack against traitors" he accused of planningcultural genocide. He said, "They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, including deconstruction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing."[137]
The criminal trial of Breivik began on 16 April 2012 inOslo Courthouse under the jurisdiction ofOslo District Court. The appointed prosecutors wereInga Bejer Engh andSvein Holden withGeir Lippestad serving as Breivik's lead counsel for the defence. Closing arguments were held on 22 June.[17] On 24 August 2012, Breivik was adjudged to have been sane at the time the crimes were committed, and was sentenced topreventive detention for 21 years—the maximum penalty in Norway—with a minimum non-parole period of 10 years, the longest minimum sentence available.[138][139] This sentence allows the court to continue Breivik's detention indefinitely, five years at a time for as long as the prosecuting authority deems it necessary in order to protect society. Although Breivik had pleaded not guilty, he did not appeal the sentence, and on 8 September the media announced that the verdict was final.[140][141]
Breivik announced that he did not recognize the legitimacy of the court and therefore did not accept its decision, but had decided not to appeal as this would legitimize the authority of the Oslo District Court.[142][140]
The entrance of Skien Prison, formally known asTelemark fengsel, Skien avdeling inSkien[143]
Since August 2011, Breivik has been imprisoned in an SHS section (a prison section with "particularly high security"—"særlighøysikkerhet").[144][145] In March 2022, Breivik was transferred toRingerike Prison's[146] as of 2022[update] SHS section. There was another prisoner in the section, but Breivik was completely[147] separated from that prisoner.[148][149][150][151] Breivik had previously been transferred on 23 July 2012 from Ila Detention and Security Prison inBærum[152] to Skien Prison, formally known asTelemark fengsel, Skien avdeling, inSkien, countyTelemark,[153] and then transferred back to Ila on 28 September 2012.[144]
In 2023, Breivik chose not to[154] receive further visits, including from themilitary chaplain (rankedmajor) who Breivik had been seeing every two weeks since[155] 2015.[156][157] His mother visited him five times before her death in 2013,[158] and researcherMattias Gardell interviewed Breivik in 2014,[159] but no other visitor requested by Breivik has been granted access.[158]
Breivik is isolated from the other inmates and only has contact with healthcare workers and guards.[160] The type of isolation that Breivik has experienced in prison is what theEuropean Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) callsrelative social isolation, according to a verdict of 2016 in Oslo District Court.[158] In November 2020, Breivik had an interaction with another prisoner for the first time, in the presence of at least sevenprison officers; the prisoners played cards and talked for around one or two hours; the other prisoner chose to not have a third meeting with Breivik, according to media reports in January 2021.[161]
In Norway, it is not uncommon to grant compensatory measures to prisoners who are being held in isolation for several years. As of 2021[update] he has access in his cell between 9 am and 2:30 pm to a personal computer (with seals that impede unauthorised opening of the computer panels) that he uses to write letters.[162] Earlier reports—in 2016—said that he has anelectric typewriter and anXbox without Internet connection in his cell.[163] Previously, when the original verdict was upheld in September 2012, his permission for access to a computer in his prison cell ended.
Breivik enrolled in a bachelor's degree program inpolitical science at theUniversity of Oslo; he passed two courses in 2015.[164][165][166] In 2015, he claimed in a letter that harsh prison conditions had forced him to drop out.[167] According to a statement by his lawyer, Breivik had become aNazi in prison.[168] He was denied parole in 2021, a decision upheld in 2022.[169][170] The government denied him parole in the third quarter of 2024. Since his imprisonment, Breivik has identified himself as afascist[171] and a Nazi,[172] and a practitioner ofOdinism.[172][173][174]
As of 2012, Breivik had written to, among others,Peter Mangs andBeate Zschäpe.[175][159][176][177] In 2012, politicians protested Breivik's activities in prison, which they saw as him continuing to promote or expose his ideology and possibly encouraging further criminal acts.[176][177][178] As with all convicts, his letters are vetted before sending to prevent further crimes. After he came to Skien Prison in 2013,[144] five of the 300 letters that he sent had not been confiscated, he testified in court in 2016.[157] By 2016, around 4,000 postal items had been sent to or from Breivik, and about 15 per cent of these (600 items) had been confiscated.[179]
In November 2012, Breivik wrote a 27-page letter of complaints to the prison authorities, talking about the security restrictions he was being held under, claiming that the prison director personally wanted to punish him. In 2014 Breivik threatened to starve himself were his latest list of demands refused; these included "access to a sofa and a bigger gym" and better video games.[180][181] In September 2015, Breivik again threatened ahunger strike because of deteriorating prison conditions,[167] but delayed in order to sue the Norwegian Government over prison conditions.[160]
Breivik sued the government of Norway; thecivil trial was held in March 2016.[182] He appealed the ruling against him[183] but lost on all counts, and the supreme court refused to hear the case.[184][185][186]
Breivik sued the government over his solitary confinement, and his general conditions of imprisonment, including a claim of an excessive use ofhandcuffs, frequent strip searches and searches of his cell, including at night.[187]
At the start of the trial, Breivik gave a Nazi salute.[188] In his testimony, Breivik claimed prison conditions and isolation damaged his health.[189][190][157]
The government attorney said "the government's primary task is to protect its citizens. To let a convicted terrorist establish a network is dangerous".[191]
On 20 April 2016, the District Court's verdict[192] said that the conditions of Breivik's imprisonment breached Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights, but that Article 8 of the Convention had not been violated—confiscation of letters had been justified.[193]
The verdict in the appeal case handed down in March 2017[184][185] stated that the conditions of his imprisonment did not violate Breivik's rights, and all recommendations were voided.[186] In 2017, Norway's Supreme Court decided not to hear the case.[194][195]
2022 criminal trial resulting from parole petition
In January 2022 a trial was initiated to decide whether to reverse or uphold the District Attorney's refusal of parole.[196][197][198][199][200][201] The indictment states that the prosecuting authority does not consent to parole because "preventive detention is deemed necessary to protect society".[198][202]
At the start of the trial, Breivik gave several Nazi salutes.[203][204] Breivik testified that he is still a Nazi and will continue to work forWhite Power, but no longer wants to pursue it through violence.[198][205][165]
The verdict said that Breivik appeared to be "obviously mentally disturbed, and with a mind that is difficult for other people to penetrate".[206][207][208][169]
Some psychiatrists watched media broadcasts from the trial and claimed that Breivik appeared to be mentally ill,[209][210] in particular that he appeared to bepsychotic and delusional.[211][209][212] Another forensic psychiatrist disagreed with comments that Breivik was psychotic and said he may haveautism.[212]
January 2024 civil trial against Norwegian government
On 8 January 2024,the court convened insideBreivik's prison; the lawsuit accuses the government of negatively affecting[213] Breivik'smental health by depriving him of contact with others.
The prosecution discussed how Breivik's two latest risk evaluations conclude that Breivik is still viewed as a great risk to others.[214]
In his testimony, Breivik said "many years have passed since I had any meaningful relationships",[215][213] that he is usingantidepressants, and that he is struggling with thoughts about taking his own life.[213][214]
When asked how he views his 2011 attack, Breivik replied that "I was radicalised over two years. I am very sorry about my actions".[214]
In a report byPST that was referred to in court, Breivik is characterised as a "saint" in international circles of the extreme right. Breivik said that "PST is not saying that I am still dangerous, but they are saying that I have an inspirational effect."[213]
The government prosecutor said that Breivik's prison conditions are much better than what was said in court.[216][214]
Some journalists observed that unlike in previous trials, Breivik did not try to spread propaganda or make Nazi salutes.[215][217]
Breivik's lawyer claims that the Norwegian government is violating Breivik's human rights regarding prohibitions against torture and inhumane treatment, and for having violated Breivik's rights regardingpersonal life andfamily life.[218]
The trial ended on 12 January 2024.[219] On 15 February, it was determined his human rights were not being violated and he will still be kept under isolation.[48][49] The trial in court of appeal was scheduled for December 2024.
November 2024 criminal trial resulting from parole petition
This sectionneeds expansion with: Information about the trial, but without excessive details. You can help byadding to it.(January 2025)
In April 2024, the court suggested that the trial regarding the possibility for parole be postponed until November. A psychologist who has been an expert witness in Breivik's trial in January was in a relationship with the main government attorney. The government replaced the expert witnesses.[220][221][222] The trial was scheduled to last three days, with Breivik making an appearance in court on the second day, November 19.[221][223][224] He was allotted 45 minutes to provide his testimony.[225] The court rejected his request for parole, stating that his continued incarceration was necessary for public safety.[226]
The lead prosecutor testified that one week earlier, Breivik was permitted to make outgoing calls to two government-approved persons for up to 60 minutes a week. The two people were a Norwegian woman who made contact with Breivik, and a prisoner who moved from Ringerrike Prison toBastøy Prison.[227]
In May 2025, the verdict against Breivik became final when the supreme court refused to hear his appeal of the verdict from appeals court.[229] Earlier in January, Breivik lost his lawsuit against the government, in appeals court.[230]
Breivik is receivingpro bonolegal aid (as of 2024) from the law firm ofØystein Storrvik—his lawyer since 2014.[207][231][232] Previously, the firm ofGeir Lippestad providedpro bono representation of Breivik after the 2012 trial.[233] Legal aid during criminal trials has been paid by the government, as is the norm in the country.
On 23 March 2013, Breivik's mother died from complications from cancer.[234] On the same day media said that mother and son "took farewell during a meeting atIla last week. Breivik was permitted to move himself out from behind the glass wall of the visit room—to give his mother a farewell hug".[235] Breivik asked prison officials for permission to attend his mother's funeral service;[236] permission was denied.[237]
Janne Kristiansen, then Chief of theNorwegian Police Security Service (PST), said Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network".[238] He is reported to have written many posts on thefar-rightanti-Muslim websitedocument.no.[239] He also attended a meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in late 2009,[240] and reportedly sought to start a Norwegian version of theTea Party movement in cooperation with the owners ofdocument.no.[241]
After expressing initial interest, they turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[241] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks,document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[242] Breivik was also very active writing on theneo-Nazi websitesStormfront—with several thousand posts[243]—andnordisk.nu,[244] as well as mainstream newspapers such asVerdens Gang andAftenposten.[245]
Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a picture of himself as aKnight Templar officer in a uniform festooned with a goldaiguillette and multiple medals he had not been awarded.[246] In the video, he included an animation depicting Islam as aTrojan Horse in Europe.[247] The video, which promotes fighting against Islam, shows Breivik wearing a wetsuit and holding a semi-automatic weapon.[248]
Manifesto –2083: A European Declaration of Independence
Breivik prepared a document titled2083: A European Declaration of Independence.[249] It runs to 1,518 pages and is credited to "Andrew Berwick" (an Anglicization of Breivik's name).[250][251] In it, he cites the purported Napoleon quote, "He who saves his country, violates no law," as justification for the attacks.[37] Breivik admitted in court that it was mostly other people's writings he had copied and pasted from different websites.[252]The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[249][253] The document describes two years of preparation of unspecified attacks, supposedly planned for late 2011, involving a rentedVolkswagen Crafter van (small enough not to require a truck driving licence) loaded with 1,160 kilograms (2,560 lb) of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive (ANFO), aRuger Mini-14semi-automatic rifle, aGlock 34 pistol,personal armour (including ashield),caltrops, and police insignias. It reported Breivik spent thousands of hours gathering email addresses from Facebook for distribution of the document, and that he rented a farm as a cover for a fake farming company buyingfertilizer (three tons for producing explosives and three tons of a harmless kind to avoid suspicion) and as a lab. It describes burying a crate with the armour in the woods in July 2010, collecting it on 4 July 2011, and abandoning his plan to replace it with survival gear because he did not have a second pistol. It also expresses support for far-right groups such as theEnglish Defence League[249] andparamilitaries such as theScorpions in Serbia.[254]
The introductory chapter of the manifesto asserts thatpolitical correctness is responsible for social rot. He blames theFrankfurt School for the promulgation of political correctness, which he identifies with "cultural Marxism". Parts of these sections are plagiarized fromPolitical Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology byPaul Weyrich'sFree Congress Foundation.[255][256] Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian bloggerFjordman, while Serbian writer,Srđa Trifković, is quoted in a number of places.[257][258] The text also copies sections of theUnabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while replacing the words "leftists" with "cultural Marxists" and "black people" with "muslims".[259][260]The New York Times described American influences in the writings, observing that the compendium mentions the anti-Islamist AmericanRobert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.[261] The work ofBat Ye'or is frequently cited.[262] Conservative bloggerPamela Geller is also mentioned as a source of inspiration.[261] Breivik blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society[32] and advocates a restoration ofpatriarchy which he claims would save European culture.[32][263]
India, and in particularHindu nationalism, figures repeatedly in the manifesto where he expresses praise and admiration for Hindu nationalist groups. He claimed to have attempted to reach out to Indians through email and Facebook.[264][265] In his writings Breivik also states that he wants to see European policies onmulticulturalism and immigration more similar to those ofJapan,South Korea andTaiwan[266] which he said are "not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best".[267] He expressed his admiration for the "monoculturalism" of Japan and for Japan and South Korea's refusal to accept refugees.[268][269]The Jerusalem Post describes his support for Israel as a "far-right Zionism".[270] He calls all "nationalists" to join in the struggle against "cultural Marxists/multiculturalists".[28] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime MinisterVladimir Putin, finding him "a fair and resolute leader worthy of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy". Putin's spokesmanDmitry Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[271]
In one section of the manifesto titled "Battlefield Wikipedia", Breivik explained the importance of usingWikipedia as a venue for disseminating views and information to the general public,[276] although the Norwegian professor Arnulf Hagen claims that this was a document that he had copied from another author and that Breivik was unlikely to be a contributor to Wikipedia.[277] According to the leader of the Norwegian chapter of theWikimedia Foundation an account belonging to Breivik has been identified.[278] On the second day of his trial, Breivik cited Wikipedia as the main source for his worldview.[279]
Breivik's manifesto2083: A European Declaration of Independence circulated in online fascist forums where strategies were set and tactics debated.[280]Australian terroristBrenton Harrison Tarrant, who killed 51 people (all Muslims) and injured 50 more during theChristchurch mosque shootings atAl Noor Mosque andLinwood Islamic Centre inChristchurch, New Zealand, mentioned Breivik in his manifestoThe Great Replacement as one of the far-right mass murderers and killers he supports. Tarrant said he "only really took true inspiration from Knight Justiciar Breivik" even going as far as to claim "brief contact" with him and his organization Knights' Templar.[281][282] With the exception of the Christchurch shootings, Breivik's influence on the tactics of far-right terrorists appeared to be rather limited.[283]
Breivik had been active on several anti-Islamic and nationalist blogs, includingdocument.no,[284][285][286] and was a regular reader ofGates of Vienna,the Brussels Journal andJihad Watch.[287] He citedJihad Watch 162 times in his 2011 manifesto,[288] and citedDaniel Pipes and theMiddle East Forum a further 18 times.[289] Breivik frequently praised the writings of bloggerFjordman.[290] He used Fjordman's thinking to justify his actions, citing him 111 times in the manifesto.[291] In 2016, however, Breivik stated that he had in reality been a "national socialist", or Nazi, since age twelve, readAdolf Hitler'sMein Kampf (1925) at age fourteen, and that he had in later years only disguised himself as acounter-jihadist.[292] In 2022, he blamed the neo-Nazi organisationBlood & Honour for having radicalised him to the use of violence, and that this group carried the main responsibility for the terror attacks.[293]
After studying several militant groups, including theIRA,ETA and others, Breivik suggests far-right militants should adoptal-Qaeda's methods, learn from their success, and avoid their mistakes.[294][295] Breivik described al-Qaeda as the "most successful revolutionary force in the world" and praised their "cult of martyrdom".[279] He stated that theEuropean Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[296][297][298] and describes theNATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminalwestern European andAmerican leaders".[299] In his writings, Breivik stated that "theBattle of Vienna in 1683 should be celebrated as the Independence Day for all Western Europeans as it was the beginning of the end for the second Islamic wave of Jihads".[300] The manifesto urges theHindu nationalists to driveMuslims out ofIndia.[301] It demands the forceddeportation of all Muslims from Europe, based on the model of theBeneš decrees.[34][302]
In a letter Breivik sent to international media in 2014, he stated that he had exploited "counterjihadist" rhetoric as a means to protect "ethno-nationalists" and instead start a media hunt against "anti-nationalist counterjihadist"-supporters, in a strategy he calls "double psychology".[174] Breivik further stated that he strives for a "pure Nordic ideal", advocating the establishment of a similar party in Norway to the neo-NaziParty of the Swedes, and identifying himself as a part of "Western Europe'sfascist movement".[174] Moreover, he stated that his "support" forIsrael is limited for it to function as a place to deport "disloyalJews".[174] During the trial in 2012, Breivik listed as his influences a number of neo-Nazi activists, as well as perpetrators of attacks against immigrants and leftists, considering them "heroes".[303][304] In 2019, he claimed to have converted to democraticright-wing populism.[305] This has later been disputed since he still identifies as a "national socialist" and is possibly "more radical" than before with advocacy forwhite separatism.[306]
On 17 April 2012, when asked by Lawyer Siv Hallgren if he is religious, Breivik answered in the affirmative. Later, during the same conversation, he stated: "I am Christian. I believe in God, but I am a bit religious, but not especially religious."[307] Breivik has later described his religious faith as beingOdinism, aneopagan belief.[172][173][308] While Breivik was frequently described in the media as a "Christian fundamentalist",[309][310][311][312][313] such assertions were disputed in a number of sources,[314] and Breivik has later denied it, stating in letters to Norwegian newspaperDagen that he "is not, and has never been, a Christian", and that he thinks there are few things in the world more "pathetic" than "the Jesus-figure and his message".[172] He said he prays and sacrifices toOdin, and identifies his religion as Odinism.[172]
Following his arrest, Breivik was characterised by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a deep-seatedhatred of Islam,[315] who considered himself a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe.[316][317] At the same time, Breivik said both during his trial and in his manifesto to have been inspired by jihadist groups, and stated his willingness to work together with groups likeAl-Qaeda andAl-Shabaab in order to conduct attacks withweapons of mass destruction against Western targets.[318][319][320]
Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and from 2010. According to the club, which banned him for life after the attacks, Breivik took part in thirteen organized training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[321] The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons.[322]
At the time of the attacks, Breivik was a member of theLodge of St. Olaf at the Three Columns in Oslo[323] and had displayed photographs of himself in partial Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile.[324][325] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge said it had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership,Grand Master of theNorwegian Order of Freemasons, Ivar Skaar, issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[326][327] According to the Lodge records, Breivik took part in a total of four meetings between his initiation in February 2007 and his exclusion from the order (one each to receive the first, second, and third degrees, and one other meeting)[328] and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.[329] Skaar said that although Breivik was a member of the Order, his actions showed that he was in no way a Mason.[328]
Breivik became a member of theProgress Party (FrP) in 1999. He paid his membership dues for the last time in 2004 and was removed from the membership list in 2006. During his time in the Progress Party, he held two positions in the Progress Party's youth organisation FpU: he was the chair of the local Vest Oslo branch from January to October 2002, and a member of the board of the same branch from October 2002 until November 2004.[330][331][332] After the attack, the Progress Party immediately distanced itself from Breivik's actions and ideas.[333] At a 2013 press conference,Ketil Solvik-Olsen said that Breivik "left us [the party] because we were too liberal".[334]
Breivik claimed he had contact with the far-rightEnglish Defence League (EDL), a movement in the United Kingdom that has been accused of Islamophobia. He allegedly had extensive links with senior EDL members[335] and wrote that he attended an EDL demonstration inBradford.[336] On 26 July 2011, EDL leaderTommy Robinson denounced Breivik and his attacks and has denied any official links with him.[337]
On 31 July 2011,Interpol asked Maltese police to investigate Paul Ray, a former EDL member who blogs under the name "Lionheart". Ray conceded that he may have been an inspiration for Breivik, but deplored his actions.[338][339] In an online discussion on the Norwegian websiteDocument.no on 6 December 2009, Breivik proposed establishing a Norwegian version of the EDL. Breivik saw this as the only way to stop left-wing radical groups likeBlitz andSOS Rasisme from "harassing" Norwegian cultural conservatives.[340] Following the establishment of theEuropean Defence League, theNorwegian Defence League (NDL) launched in 2010. Breivik indeed became a member of this organization under the pseudonym "Sigurd Jorsalfar".[341] Former head of the NDL, Lena Andreassen, claimed that Breivik was ejected from the organization when she took over as leader in March 2011 because he was too extreme.[342]
In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order", which he called the newPauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici (PCCTS,Knights Templar). According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian (apparently Breivik), and a Serb (supposedly the initiator, not present, but represented by Breivik). The compendium gives a "2008 estimate" that there are between 15 and 80 "Justiciar Knights" in Western Europe, and an unknown number of civilian members, and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.[343]
Breivik gave his own code name in the organisation as Sigurd and that of his assigned "mentor" as Richard, after the twelfth-centurycrusaders and kingsSigurd Jorsalfar of Norway andRichard the Lionheart of England.[344] He called himself a one-mancell of this organisation and claimed that the group has several other cells in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[107] On 2 August 2011, Breivik offered to provide information about these cells, but on unrealistic preconditions.[345]
After an intense investigation assisted internationally by severalsecurity agencies, the Norwegian police did not find any evidence a PCCTS network existed, or that an alleged 2002 London meeting ever took place. The police concluded Breivik's claim was a figment of his imagination because of his schizophrenia diagnosis, and were confident that he had noaccessories. Breivik continued to insist he belonged to an order and that his one-man cell was "activated" by another clandestine cell.[346] On 14 August 2012, several Norwegian politicians and media outlets received an email from someone claiming to be Breivik's "deputy", demanding that Breivik be released and making more threats against Norwegian society.[347]
In 2017 he changed his name to Fjotolf Hansen, Fjotolf being a name he created that is reminiscent of the word "fjott" (meaning fool).[6] In 2025 he changed his name to Far Skaldigrimmr Rauskjoldr av Northriki, which was described as a fantasy name loosely reminiscent ofOld Norse. "Skaldigrimmr" is most similar to the real Old Norse or Icelandic nickname "Skalla-Grímr", meaning "bald Grímr", with "Rauskjoldr av Northriki" meaning "Red shield of the North".[348]
^"En modig dom". 24 August 2012. Retrieved13 September 2014.
^abcMeldalen, Sindre Granly; Brustad, Line; Kristiansen, Arnhild Aass; et al. (2 April 2012)."Breivik planla tagging som militær operasjon" [Breivik planned tagging as military operation].Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved3 April 2012.
^[1]. Retrieved 11 April 2021. "Oslo pistolklubb bekrefter at Anders Behring Breivik har vært medlem av klubben fra 2005 til 2007 og siden juni 2010, opplyser pistolklubben i en pressemelding."
^"Dagens navn [Today's names]".Aftenposten, morgen. 15 February 1979. p. 10.Aker hospital, Oslo, 13. February 1979. A boy. Name of parents.In Norwegian: (Aker sykehus, 13. ds.: En gutt. Wenche og Jens Breivik)
^– Breivik var skadet allerede som toåring. Retrieved 9 April 2021. "Psykologen ved Statens Senter for Barne – og Ungdomspsykiatri (SSBU), som på 80-tallet observerte samspillet mellom Anders og hans mor, ble avhørt av politiet etter terroraksjonen 22.juli 2011."
^Willsher, Kim (26 July 2011)."Norway gunman's father speaks out: 'He should have taken his own life'".The Guardian. Retrieved25 March 2022.Within a year of the boy's birth, in February 1979, the couple had split. Jens Breivik remained in London and Behring moved back to Oslo with Anders and his elder half-sister.
^Henley, Jon (13 April 2012)."Anders Behring Breivik trial: the father's story".The Guardian. London. Retrieved13 April 2012.Breivik disputes this. "It's true I was angry," he says. "Several times the police called me to say he had sprayed buildings, trains, and buses. He was also shoplifting. But I was always willing to see him, and he knew that. It was Anders who cut it off. His decision, not mine.
^Aune, Oddvin."32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø".NRK. No. special. Oslo.Etter det NRK får opplyst, har ikke den pågrepne noen yrkesmilitær bakgrunn. Han ble fritatt fra verneplikt, og dermed har han ikke spesialutdanning eller utenlandsoppdrag for Forsvaret." – "From what NRK have been informed, the suspect has no military background. He was exempt from conscription and therefore does not have military training or service abroad.
^Landsend, Merete (27 July 2011)."Skrøt av egen briljans, utsende, kjærester og penger".Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Oslo. Retrieved2 August 2011.Kilder i Forsvarets sikkerhetsavdeling Dagbladet har snakket med, forteller at Breivik allerede ved sesjon ble luket ut av rullene som ikke tjenesteskikket." – "Sources in the Defence Security Department that Dagbladet has talked to, says Breivik was weeded out from the files as unfit for service during the service assessment.
^"Ble sett av ti kameraer" [Was seen by ten surveillance cameras].ABC Nyheter (in Norwegian). 16 September 2011. Archived fromthe original on 11 December 2011.
^Johnsen, Alf Bjarne; Sæther, Anne Stine; Andersen, Gordon (24 January 2012)."Breivik kan få eget sykehus på Ila" [Breivik may get his own hospital at Ila].Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved24 January 2012.
^Den rettsmedisinske kommisjon; Andreas Hamnes; Agneta Nilsson; Gunnar Johannessen; Jannike E. Snoek; Kirsten Rasmussen; Knut Waterloo; Karl Heinrik Melle (20 December 2011)."Breivek, Anders Behring. Rettspsykiatrisk erklæring"(PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo Tingrett. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 24 July 2012. Retrieved26 December 2011.
^Ravndal, Dennis; Jarle Brenna; Fridtjof Nygaard; Marianne Vikås; Morten Hopperstad (6 January 2012)."Breivik not likely to bluff about mental illness".Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved7 December 2011.
^[2] "... besøksvennen, som har besøkt Breivik i fengselet siden mars 2014, er en profesjonell aktør, og at Kriminalomsorgen har betalt totalt 164.000 kroner for besøksvennen per 1. januar 2016."
^"Breivik saksøkte Staten". Nrk.no. 23 October 2015. Retrieved2 October 2020. "13. januar 2017 kl. 15:02 [...] forteller at Breivik begynte på bachelor i statsvitenskap høsten 2015, da han tok emnene offentlig politikk og administrasjon, samt politisk teori. Han fikk C på begge emnene"
^[3] "Det opplyser massemorderens forsvarer, advokat Øystein Storrvik til VG. – Jeg har på vegne av ham sendt inn en begjæring om prøveløslatelse, sier Storrvik til VG. – Han har krav på domstolsprøving av prøveløslatelse ved minstetid som er ti år i hans tilfelle. "
^Brenna, Jarle; Utheim, Eric Brekstad; Grøttum, Eva-Therese (26 July 2012)."Konstant trussel at Breivik får sende brev" [Allowing Breivik to send letters is a constant threat].Verdens Gang (in Norwegian).Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved26 July 2012.
^Solberg, Ralf Lofstad, Lars Eivind Bones, Maja Walberg Klev, Anabelle Bruun, Tobias Fjeldvang, Kristoffer (12 January 2024)."- Han brøt sammen".dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved13 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ab"Tungt å bli rost av den terrorsiktede" [Difficult to be praised by the accused of terror].Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 23 July 2011. Retrieved24 July 2011.
^Toldnes, Gunhild; Lundervold, Linn Kongsli; Meland, Astrid (30 July 2011)."Slik skaffet han seg sin enmannshær" (in Norwegian). Dagbladet Nyheter. Retrieved22 March 2015.
^Teitelbaum, Benjamin (8 August 2011)."Hvit Nasjonalist" [White Nationalist].Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived fromthe original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved25 August 2011.
^Hasås, Torgny (26 August 2011)."Høyreekstremt angrep på Wikipedia" [Far-right attack on Wikipedia].FriFagbevegelse.Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved13 September 2014.
^Pein, Corey (2017)Live Work Work Die: A Journey into the Savage Heart of Silicon Valley. Metropolitan Books: Henry Holt and Co: New York. p. 235.[ISBN missing]
^Herrmann, Gunnar (6 August 2011)."Vorbild für einen Mörder ('Model for a murderer')".Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved6 August 2011.Diese Gedankengänge hatte Breivik übernommen, um seinen Massenmord zu rechtfertigen. 111-mal zitiert er Fjordman in seinem Manifest. ("Breivik has used this thinking to justify his mass murder. In his manifesto, he cites Fjordmann 111 times.")
^"Norway police say 85 killed in island youth camp attack".BBC News. London. 23 July 2011.Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved25 July 2011.We have no more information than ... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist.
^Brown, Andrew (24 July 2011)."Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam".The Guardian. London.Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved26 July 2011.Norway mass murderer Anders Breivik's internet writings show him to be anti-Muslim and anti-Marxist, not a fundamentalist Christian.
^Breivik, Anders Behring (6 December 2009)."Anders Behring Breiviks kommentarer hos Document.no" [Anders Behring Breiviks comments at Document.no] (in Norwegian).Document.no. Retrieved4 February 2012.EDL er et eksempel til etterfølgelse og en norsk versjon er det eneste som kan hindre Blitz/SOS i å trakassere norske kulturkonservative fra andre fronter. Å lage en norsk EDL bør være nr. 3 på agendaen etter at vi har fått startet opp en kulturkonservativ avis med nasjonal distribusjon.
Borchgrevink, Aage Storm ["A Norwegian tragedy. Anders Behring Breivik and the roads to Utøya"]En norsk tragedie: Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya (2012)
Borchgrevink, Aage Storm; Puzey, GuyA Norwegian Tragedy: Anders Behring Breivik and the Massacre on Utøya. 2013.ISBN978-0745672205 (translated from the Norwegian)
["The Mother"]Moren (2013), byMarit Christensen. Christensen claimed that for the last year of Wenche Behring Breivik's life, she had been her confidant, and that the book is based on Christensen's interviews with her. Wenche Behring Breivik hired a lawyer to prevent Christensen from publishing the book. The book was criticized for character assassinations of still-living people.
Frydnes, Jørgen Watne ["No man is an island"] Ingen mann er en øy (2021)
Turrettini, Unni; Puckett, Kathleen M.The Mystery of the Lone Wolf Killer: Anders Behring Breivik and the Threat of Terror in Plain Sight. New York: Pegasus Crime, 2015.ISBN978-1605989105
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