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Theancient universities are seven British and Irishmedieval universities andearly modern universities founded before the year 1600.[1] Four of these are located inScotland (Edinburgh,Glasgow,Aberdeen, andSt Andrews), two inEngland (Oxford, andCambridge), and one inIreland (Dublin). The ancient universities in Great Britain and Ireland are amongst theoldest extant universities in the world. The ancient universities in Britain are part of twenty-seven culturally significant institutions recognised by the British monarchy asprivileged bodies of the United Kingdom.[2]
The surviving ancient universities inEngland,Scotland andIreland are, in order of formation:
| Year | Name | Nation of Founding | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1096 | University of Oxford | Kingdom of England | Oxford, England | Oxford's official website says, "There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, whenHenry II banned English students from attending theUniversity of Paris."[3] Teaching suspended in 1209 (due to town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (due to theSt Scholastica riot). |
| 1209 | University of Cambridge | Cambridge, England | Founded by scholars leavingOxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209. It was generally recognized as astudium generale by the late 13th century and this was either confirmed or formally granted by aPapal bull in 1318.[4][5] | |
| 1413 | University of St Andrews | Kingdom of Scotland | St Andrews, Scotland | Founded by apapal bull building on earlier bodies established between 1410 and 1413, but officially recognized in 1413[6] |
| 1451 | University of Glasgow | Glasgow, Scotland | Founded by apapal bull of Pope Nicholas V[7] | |
| 1495 | University of Aberdeen | Aberdeen, Scotland | King's College was founded in 1495 bypapal bull andMarischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860 | |
| 1582 | University of Edinburgh | Edinburgh, Scotland | Established by the town council under the authority of aroyal charter granted byJames VI | |
| 1592 | University of Dublin | Kingdom of Ireland | Dublin, Ireland | Founded by charter of Queen Elizabeth I;Trinity College[1][8][9] is the only constituent college of the university |
In the middle ages, universities followed thecanonical hours of the church. As the masters in the arts faculty would often also be students in one of the higher faculties, universities used these canonical hours to define periods when the compulsory lectures in the different facilities were given in order to prevent timetable clashes. At Cambridge, for example, only the canon lawyers could lecture betweenprime (dawn) andnones (mid afternoon).[10] In the morning, there were lectures offered byregent masters on standard texts that they wanted to lecture. Then in the afternoon there would be advanced bachelors that would give lectures that reviews the material learned that morning. Also in the afternoon, the junior masters would discuss about other books of mathematical science or natural philosophy.[11]
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These universities are often governed in a quite different fashion to more recent foundations. Theancient universities of Scotland also share several distinctive features and are governed by arrangements laid down by theUniversities (Scotland) Acts. In addition to these universities, some now-defunct institutions were founded during this period, including theUniversity of Northampton (1261–1265),[12]the university or college at Stamford, Lincolnshire (1333–1335),[13] the university or college atFraserburgh, Aberdeenshire (1592–1605).[14] There was also themedieval University of Dublin which was an early but largely unsuccessful attempt to establish a university in Dublin, the capital city of theLordship of Ireland. Founded in 1320, it maintained an intermittent existence for the next two centuries, but it never flourished, and disappeared for good at theReformation in Ireland (1534–41). It was located inSt Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. It had no connection with the present University of Dublin, better known as Trinity College Dublin, which was founded in 1592.
The ancient universities are distinctive in awarding theMagister Artium/Master of Arts (MA) as an undergraduateacademic degree. This is commonly known as theOxbridge MA,Trinity MA (Dublin), or theScottish MA.
The ancient universities in Scotland confer the MA degree at graduation with honours and a final mark; in contrast, the ancient universities in England and Ireland award the MA purely after a period of good standing following graduation asBachelor of Arts, usually around three years.
Because they award the MA as an undergraduate Arts degree, the ancient universities award differing titles for their postgraduate master's degrees in the Arts and Humanities, such as the taught Master of Letters ("MLitt (T)"). Some confusion can arise as to whether such degrees are taught degrees or the most established (and advanced) two-year research degrees, although this is often specified.
While both universities received grants of liberties and privileges by royal charter, the charters granted to Cambridge in 1231 and to Oxford in 1248 being the earliest recorded on the Privy Councils list of chartered bodies,[15] neither university was created or incorporated by royal charter. After existing for the first few centuries of their existence as common law corporations, they were formally incorporated by theOxford and Cambridge Act 1571, underElizabeth I. TheUniversities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1859 repealed the parts of the 1571 act that required the mayor, aldermen, citizens or municipal officer of the City of Oxford to take any oath for the conservation of the liberties and privileges of the University of Oxford.
Parliament passed the Chantries Act in 1545, which transferred ownership of allchantries and their properties toKing Henry VIII. Members of the University of Cambridge sent letters to the king's wife,Catherine Parr, about the potential threat this posed to the university. It is evident that the king already had special plans for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and that they were given special treatment compared to the other schools of England.[clarification needed] At Cambridge, for example, King Henry VIII foundedTrinity College, which would later become an important part of the University.[clarification needed][16]
In the 19th century a series of acts and commissions reduced the powers of the universities to make their own statutes. A Royal Commission in 1850 looked into both universities and proposed major reforms to their constitutions. These were enacted by theOxford University Act 1854 and theCambridge University Act 1856. TheUniversities Tests Act 1871 removed almost all religious tests from both universities (and fromDurham University). The Oxford and Cambridge Universities Act 1877 set up commissioners to look into further reform of the statutes of both universities and of their constituent colleges. Further Royal Commissions into both universities were established in 1919, resulting in the Oxford and Cambridge Universities Act 1923, setting up a commission to again make statutes and regulations for the universities and their colleges. This has resulted in there being two kind of statutes at these universities – those made by the universities themselves, which may be changed by them, and the "Queen-in-Council" statutes made under the 1923 act or theEducation Reform Act 1988 that can only be changed with permission from the Privy Council.[17][18]
The Universities (Scotland) Acts created a distinctive system of governance for the ancient universities inScotland, the process beginning with the 1858 Act and ending with the 1966 Act. Despite not being founded until after the first in these series of Acts, theUniversity of Dundee shares all the features contained therein.
As a result of these Acts, each of these universities isgoverned by a tripartite system ofGeneral Council,University Court, andAcademic Senate.
Thechief executive andchief academic is theUniversity Principal who also holds the title ofVice-Chancellor as anhonorific. TheChancellor is atitular non-resident head to each university and is elected for life by the respective General Council, although in actuality a good number of Chancellors resign before the end of their 'term of office'.
Each also has astudents' representative council as required bystatute, although at the University of Aberdeen this has recently been renamed theStudents' Association Council.[19]
Following the creation of the ancient universities, no more universities were created in Britain and Ireland until the 19th century except three defunct universities in England (Northampton, Stamford and Durham), which were quickly shut down after opening due to strong opposition-lobbying efforts by Oxford and Cambridge.
Which of the 19th-century institutions should be considered the earliest post-ancient university isa matter of debate. The main university-level foundations up to the mid 19th century were:
Only Durham, London and the Queen's University of Ireland were recognised as universities at the time of their foundation, granting their first degrees in 1837, 1839 and 1851 respectively. Durham was a collegiate university, London was an examining board, and the Queen's University was a federal university. The other institutions, while teaching at university level, were colleges, some becoming universities later. In addition, many other universities trace their roots to institutions founded in this period, including theUniversity of Strathclyde to the Andersonian Institute (1796),Heriot-Watt University to the School of Arts of Edinburgh (1821),Birkbeck, University of London to the London Mechanics' Institute (1823), theUniversity of Manchester (viaUMIST) to theManchester Mechanics' Institute (1824) and (via Owen's College) to theManchester Royal School of Medicine (also 1824), theUniversity of Chester to Chester Diocesan Training College (1839),Plymouth Marjon University to St John's College, Battersea (1840) and St Mark's College, Chelsea (1841), theUniversity of Winchester to Winchester Diocesan Training School (1840), theUniversity of Roehampton toWhitelands College (1841),York St John University to York Diocesan College (1841) and the York Diocesan Institution for Female Teachers (1846), andSt Mary's University, Twickenham to St Mary's College (1850). Many medical schools also date from the 18th century or earlier, includingSt Thomas's Hospital Medical School (now part ofKing's College London) between 1693 and 1709,[21]St George's, University of London in 1733,Middlesex Hospital Medical School (now part of University College London) in 1746,London Hospital Medical College (now part ofQueen Mary, University of London) in 1786.
Theredbrick universities were established as university colleges in the latter half of the 19th century and mostly became universities in the early 20th century. TheRoyal University of Ireland (1881, as the successor of the Queen's University of Ireland), theVictoria University (1881), and theUniversity of Wales (1893) were the only other universities established in the 1800s, all as federal or examining universities. The first unitary university in the British Isles outside of Scotland was theUniversity of Birmingham (1900).[22]
