Tyre juts out from the coast of theMediterranean Sea, and is located about 80 km (50 mi) south ofBeirut. It originally consisted of two distinct urban centres: Tyre itself, which was on an island just 500 to 700m offshore, and the associated settlement ofUshu on the adjacent mainland, later calledPalaetyrus, meaning "Old Tyre" inAncient Greek.[7] The fortified city was on top of a rock from which its name was inherited as "S‘r" is the Phoenician word for "rock". It had two ports, the "Sidonian port" to the north, still partly existing today, and the "Egyptian port" to the south which has perhaps been discovered very recently.[8]
Rocky islets off Tyre
Throughout history fromprehistoric times onwards, all settlements in the Tyre area profited from the abundance offresh water supplies, especially from the nearbysprings of Rashidieh andRas Al Ain in the South. In addition, there are the springs of Al Bagbog and Ain Ebreen in the North as well as theLitani River, also known as Alqasymieh.[9] The present city of Tyre covers a large part of the original island and has expanded onto and covers most of thecauseway built byAlexander the Great in 332BCE.[10] Thisisthmus increased greatly in width over the centuries because of extensive silt depositions on either side. The part of the original island not covered by the modern city of Tyre is mostly of an archaeological site showcasing remains of the city from ancient times.[citation needed]
Four municipalities contribute to Tyre city's 16.7 km2 built-up area, though none are included in their entirety: Sour municipality contains the heart of the city, excluding the Natural and Coastal Reserve; Burj El Shimali to the East without unpopulated agricultural lands; Abbasiyet Sour to the North without agricultural lands and a dislocated village; andAin Baal to the South-East, also without agricultural lands and dislocated villages. Tyre's urban area lies on a fertile coastal plain, which explains the fact that as of 2017 about 44% of its territory was used for intra-urban agriculture, while built-up land constituted over 40%.[6]
In terms ofgeomorphology andseismicity, Tyre is close to the Roum Fault and theYammounehFault. Though it has suffered a number of devastating earthquakes over themillennia, the threat level is considered to be low in most places and moderate in a few others. However, atsunami following an earthquake and subsequentlandslides and floods pose major natural risks to the Tyrian population.[6]
Vast reserves of natural gas are estimated to lie beneath Lebanese waters, much of it off Tyre's coast, butexploitation has been delayed byborder disputes with Israel.[11]
Early names of Tyre includeAkkadianṢurru,PhoenicianṢūr (𐤑𐤓), andHebrewTsur (צוֹר).[12] InSemitic languages, the name of the city means 'rock'[13] after the rocky formation on which the town was originally built.
The predominant form inClassical Greek wasTýros (Τύρος), which was first seen in the works ofHerodotus but may have been adopted considerably earlier.[12] It gave rise toLatinTyrus, which enteredEnglish during theMiddle English period asTyre.[14] Thedemonym for Tyre isTyrian, and the inhabitants areTyrians.[citation needed]
Tyre has aHot-summer mediterranean climate (classified asCsa under theKöppen climate classification), characterized by six months of drought from May to October. On average, it has 300 days ofsun a year and a yearly temperature of 20.8°C. The average maximum temperature reaches its highest at 30.8 °C in August and the average minimum temperature its lowest at 10 °C in January. On average, the mean annualprecipitation reaches up to 645 mm. The temperature of thesea water reaches a minimum of 17 °C in February and a maximum of 32 °C in August. At a depth of 70 m it is constantly at 17–18 °C.[15]
The ancient city of Tyre is located along the coast ofPhoenicia in modern Lebanon. The site has been occupied since theBronze Age.[18] The city became a prominent Phoenician city-state between the 9th and 6th centuries BCE, settling prestigious colonies around the Mediterranean Sea, such asCarthage andLeptis Magna.[19] It went under Persian rule in 572 BCE, before being conquered byAlexander the Great in 332 BCE. Monumental archaeological remains dated from the subsequentHellenistic,Roman,Byzantine, andMedieval periods led to its inscription on its archaeological remains on theUNESCO World’s Heritage list in 1984.
The Roman historianJustin wrote that the original founders arrived from the nearby city ofSidon in the quest to establish a new harbour. The famous Greek historianHerodotus (c. 484–425 BCE), born in the city ofHalicarnassus, visited Tyre around 450 BCE at the end of theGreco-Persian Wars (499–449 BCE), and wrote in hisHistories that according to the priests there, the city was founded 2300 years earlier (around 2750 BCE),[20] as a walled place upon the mainland, now known asPaleotyre (Old Tyre).
The Phoenician Tyrians' international trade network was based on its two harbours which are mentioned by ancient writers (Arrian, Anabasis, 2, 24; Strabo, Geography, 16,2,23).[21][22] The northern harbour opened toward the Phoenician city ofSidon and has been therefore referred to as the “Sidonian Harbour” by 19th and 20th century scholars, but it was referred to as the "Port of Astronoe" during Late Antiquity.[23] The southern harbour opened towardEgypt and was referred to as the “Egyptian Harbour”. The location of the two harbours has been the subject of speculations since the 17th Century.[24] The submarine excavation of a large, 4-6th Century BCE breakwater north of the city,[25][26] and the discovery of 250 BCE to 500 CE harbour sediments behind this breakwater[27] demonstrated the existence of a northern harbour repeatedly, if not permanently, throughout Antiquity under the modern harbour of Tyre.
The location of the southern harbour is more elusive. Renan (1864–1874) envisioned it as an extensive structure now located offshore, south of the former island. Subsequent diving surveys identified submerged man-made structures on the seafloor within 150 m of the former island.[28][29] Antoine Poidebard, who was the first to have them explored by divers in 1939, saw in these structures former breakwaters enclosing a harbour with two entrances.[30] The geographic area enclosed within these structures is therefore often referred to as the “Southern Harbour”. These structures have also been interpreted as a polder-like area protecting an urban district (El-Amouri et al., 2005; Frost, 1971; Renan, 1864–1874). A Phoenician-style breakwater was recently found within this area, but excavation is needed to confirm its age ascription.[31] Harbour sediments found behind the structure suggest that the breakwater was part of the Egyptian harbour.[32][33] Harbour sediments found near Hiram's Tower, further north, mark an early location of the Sidonian Harbour.[32]
The development of Tyre was profoundly affected by the construction of acauseway built byAlexander the Great in 332 BCE to seize the city.[10] This reportedly 750 m-long[34] and 60 m-wide causeway was laid over a submarineshoal less than 5.4 m deep.[35] This shoal was interpreted as a sandbank (also called a ‘salient’), formed by the accretion of sand in the lee of the island, under the effects of the refraction and diffraction of waves around the island. The causeway interrupted longshore sand transport, forcing sand to accumulate along the causeway, rapidly creating an emerged sandy isthmus (ortombolo), linking the island to the mainland.[36][37]
This sandy isthmus rapidly inflated during the centuries following the construction of the causeway. By early Imperial Roman times, monumental buildings had been built over most of its surface. Their layout implies that the isthmus was by then nearly as wide as today. Therefore, the isthmus had completely reshaped the eastern coast of Tyre Island within 6–10 centuries after the construction of the causeway, spurring a radical transformation of the city.[citation needed]
Agreen sea turtle diving through submerged antiquities (Quay of the Spring)
Tyre enjoys a reputation of having some of the cleanest beaches and waters of Lebanon.[38][39] However, a UN HABITAT profile found that "seawater is also polluted due to wastewater discharge especially in the port area".[6] There is still also considerable pollution by solid waste.[40]
TheTyre Coast Nature Reserve (TCNR) was decreed in 1998 by theMinistry of Public Works. It is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long and covers over 380 hectares (940 acres). The TCNR is within the best preserved stretch of sandy coastline in southern Lebanon and divided into two section zones: a 1.8 km sand lined beach, 1.8 km long and 500 meters wide-ranging from the Tyre Rest House in the north to the Rashidieh Refugee Camp in the South, and a stretch of 2 km with agriculture lands of small family farms and the springs of Ras El Ain with three constantly flowingartesian wells, ranging from Rashidieh to the village of Chaetiyeh in the South.[15]
The former is divided into two zones: one for tourism that features a public beach of some 900 m and restaurant tents during the summer season hosting up to 20,000 visitors on a busy day, and another 900 m of conservation zone as a sanctuary for sea turtles and migrating birds.[40]
275species distributed over 50 families. In addition, the reserve is home to seven regionally and nationallythreatened species, 4endemic and 10rare species, whilst 59 species are restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean area. It is also worthy to indicate that, severalbio-indicator species as well as 25medicinal species were recognized. TCNR encloses flora species belonging to the various habitats: the sandy shore, rocky shore,littoral andFreshwater ecosystems. A wide number ofGramineae,Fabaceae,Asteraceae andUmbellifereae families dominate the floristic resources.[15]
Arguably the most lasting Phoenician legacy for the Tyrian population has been the linguistic mark that theSyriac andAkkadian languages have left on the Arabic spoken in the region of Tyre.[46][full citation needed] Most notably, the widely used term "Ba'ali" – which is used especially to describe vegetables and fruits from rain-fed, untreated agricultural production – originates from the Baal religion.[47] The Tyrian municipality ofAin Baal is apparently also named after the Phoenician deity.[48] The most visible part of ancient and medieval history on the other side have been the archaeological sites though:
The first archaeological excavations were by Ernest Renan in 1860 and 1861.[49] He was followed in the 1870s by Johannes Nepemuk Sepp. His most notable work was excavating at the cathedral in an attempt to find the bones ofFrederick Barbarossa.[50] More work was undertaken in 1903 by the Greek archaeologistTheodore Makridi, curator of the Imperial Museum atConstantinople. Important findings like fragments of marble sarcophagi were sent to the Ottoman capital.[51][52]
Rusty relics from Chehab's excavations at Al Mina site
An archaeological survey of Tyre was done by a French team under the leadership of Denyse Le Lasseur in 1921.[53] It was followed by another mission between 1934 and 1936 that included aerial surveys and diving expeditions. It was led by theJesuit missionaryAntoine Poidebard, a pioneer ofaerial archaeology.[54]
Large-scale excavations started in 1946 under the leadership ofEmirMaurice Chéhab (1904–1994), "the father of modern Lebanese archaeology" who for decades headed the Antiquities Service in Lebanon and was the curator of theNational Museum of Beirut. His teams uncovered most remains in theAl Bass/Hippodrome and the City Site/Roman baths.[55][56][57]
During the 1960s,Honor Frost (1917–2010) – theCyprus-born pioneer ofunderwater archaeology initiated several investigations "aimed at identifying and documenting the significant archaeological potential for harbour facilities within coastal Tyre". Based on the results, she suggested that the Al Mobarakee Tower may actually date back to Hellenistic times.[58]
All those works stopped though soon after the 1975 beginning of the Civil War and many records were lost.[55]
In the late 1980s, "clandestine excavations" took place in theAl-Bass cemetery, which "flooded the antiquities market".[59]
Regular excavation activities only started again in 1995 under the supervision of Ali Khalil Badawi.[60] Shortly afterwards, an Israeli bomb destroyed an apartment block in the city and evidence for an early church was revealed underneath the rubble. Its unusual design suggests that this was the site of the Cathedral of Paulinus which had been inaugurated in 315 CE.[61]
In 1997, the first Phoenician cremation cemetery was uncovered in theal-Bass site, near the Roman necropolis.[62] Meanwhile, Honor Frost mentored local Lebanese archaeologists to conduct further underwater investigations, which in 2001 confirmed the existence of a human-made structure within the northern harbour area of Tyre.[58]
In 2003, Randa Berri, president of the National Association for the Preservation of South Lebanon's Archaeology and Heritage and wife ofNabih Berri, veteran leader of theAmal Movement and longtime Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon, patronized a plan to renovate Khan Sour / Khan Al Askaar, the former Ma'ani palace, and convert it into a museum.[63] As of 2019, nothing was done in that regard and the ruins have kept on crumbling.
The hostilities of the2006 Lebanon War put the ancient structures of Tyre at risk. This promptedUNESCO's Director-General to launch a "Heritage Alert" for the site.[64] Following the cessation of hostilities in September 2006, a visit by conservation experts to Lebanon observed no direct damage to the ancient city of Tyre. However, the bombardment had damaged frescoes in a Roman funerary cave at theTyre Necropolis. Additional site degradation was also noted, including "the lack of maintenance, the decay of exposed structures due to lack of rainwater regulation and the decay of porous and soft stones".[65]
Archaeologists from the University of Lyon at the Al Mina/City site in 2019
Since 2008, aLebanese French team under the direction by Pierre-Louis Gatier of theUniversity of Lyon has been conducting archaeological and topographical work. When international archeological missions inSyria came to a halt after 2012 due to the war there, some of them instead started excavations in Tyre, amongst them a team headed byLeila Badre, director of theArcheological Museum of the American University of Beirut (AUB), and Belgian archaeologists.[55]
Threats to Tyre's ancientcultural heritage include development pressures and the illegal antiquities trade.[66] A highway, planned for 2011, was expected to be built in areas that are deemed archaeologically sensitive.[67] A small-scale geophysical survey indicated the presence of archaeological remains at proposed construction sites. The sites have not been investigated. Despite the relocation of a proposed traffic interchange, the lack of precise site boundaries confuses the issue of site preservation.[65]
The ruins of Khan Rabu
A 2018 study of Mediterranean world heritage sites found that Tyre's City site has "the highest risk of coastal erosion under current climatic conditions, in addition to 'moderate' risk from extreme sea levels."[68] Further coastal inspection was conducted in 2019, leading to a new hypothesis about the local relative sea level rise and to discovery of yet unreported submerged coastal structures.[69]
Like many of the cities in the Levant and inLebanon, the architecture since theLebanese Civil War in the 1970s has been of poor quality, which tend to threaten the cultural heritage in the built environment before the war.[70][71] Meanwhile, historical buildings from the Ottoman period like Khan Rabu and Khan Sour / Khan Ashkar have partly collapsed after decades of total neglect and lack of any maintenance whatsoever.[71]
In 2013, the International Association to Save Tyre (IAST) made headlines when it launched an onlineraffle in association withSotheby's to fund the artisans' village Les Ateliers de Tyr at the outskirts of the city. Participants could purchase tickets for 100 euros to win the 1914Man in the Opera Hat painting byPablo Picasso.[72] The proceeds totaled US$5.26 million. The painting was won by a 25-year-old fire-safety official fromPennsylvania.[73] IAST presidentMaha al-Khalil Chalabi is a daughter of feudal lord and politicianKazem el-Khalil.[74] In September 2017, she opened "Les Atelier", which is located in the middle of an orange grove covering an area of 7.300 m2 at the northeastern outskirts of Tyre.[75]
Tyre is listed among an alliance of ten nations that would conspire against God's people.[81]
Tyre is mentioned in theBook of Isaiah as being forgotten for 70 years when her "fortress is destroyed" and after which "her profit and her prostitute's wages will be sacred to the Lord."[82]
TheBook of Joel groups Tyre,Sidon andPhilistia together and it states that the people ofJudah and Jerusalem were sold to the Greeks, and there would thus be punishment because of it.[83]
Herod was said to be angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon and he delivered a public address upon which he was struck down by God after not giving glory to him once he received praise arrogantly according to theBook of Acts.[90] The same book describes Paul's voyage to Tyre where he stayed for seven days.[91]
In theBook of Revelation,[92] chapter 18 alludes extensively to the mercantile description of Tyre in Ezekiel 26–28.
Apollonius of Tyre is the subject of an ancient short novella, popular in the Middle Ages. Existing in numerous forms in many languages, the text is thought to be translated from an ancient Greek manuscript, now lost.
Tyrus is the title and subject of a poem by theCumbrian poetNorman Nicholson in his collection 'Rock Face' of 1948.
The Frenchcomic book artistAlbert Uderzo published in 1981Asterix and the Black Gold which describesAsterix's andObelix's voyage to the Middle East featuringJames Bond and biblical themes: in their quest for petroleum, they sail on board a Phoenician ship, but the Roman regime closes off the ports of Tyre in order to deny their landing.
In 2015, theFrench Lebanese artist Joseph Safieddine published thegraphic novel dramaYallah Bye which offers an account of his family's fate during the 2006 war between Israel andHezbollah, when they sought refuge in the Christian quarter of Tyre. An English version followed in 2017 and an Arabic one in 2019.
A multi-ring structured region onEuropa, the smallest of the fourGalilean moons orbitingJupiter, is named after Tyre, the legendary birthplace of princess Europa. Originally called "TyreMacula", it is some 140 kilometers indiameter (about the size of theisland of Hawaii) and thought to be the site where anasteroid orcomet impacted Europa's ice crust.[93]
The first cinema in Tyre opened in the late 1930s when a café owner established makeshift film screenings.[94] Hamid Istanbouli – a fisherman by profession, who was also a traditional storyteller (hakawati) and thus interested in cinema – projected films on the wall of a Turkish hammam.[95] In 1939 the Roxy opened, followed in 1942 by the "Empire":[96]
By the mid-1950s there were four cinemas in Tyre, and four more soon opened in nearbyNabatieh. Many also hosted live performances by famous actors and musicians, serving as community spaces where people from different backgrounds came together.[94]
Meanwhile, two Tyrian artists had a major impact on the development of Lebanese music:Halim el-Roumi (1919–1983) and Ghazi Kahwaji (1945–2017). Some sources claim that the famous musician, composer, singer and actor el-Roumi was born in Tyre to Lebanese parents. However, others suggest that he was born inNazareth and moved to Tyre from Palestine.[99] For some time, he worked as a teacher at the Jafariya High School there. In 1950 he became director ofRadio Lebanon's music department,[100] where he discovered the singerFairuz and introduced her to theRahbani brothers.[101] Roumi composed music for and with them in close collaborations.[102]
By then, cultural life in Tyre had been severely affected by armed conflict as well. In 1975, the commercial "Festivals de Tyr" – organised by Maha al-Khalil Chalabi, the daughter of feudal landlord and politician Kazem al-Khalil – were supposed to debut but stopped at the outbreak of the Civil War.[105]
Some cinemas were damaged by Israeli bombardment in 1982 and all of them eventually closed down, the last ones in 1989:[94] the Hamra and the AK2000.[96]
In 2006, the "Centre de Lecture et d’Animation Culturelle" (C.L.A.C.) was opened by Tyre's municipality as the first public library of the city, with support from the Lebanese Ministry of Culture and the French Embassy in Beirut. It is located in the historical building of the "Beit Daoud" next to the "Beit El Medina", the former Mamluk House, in the old town.[107]
In 2014, the NGO Tiro Association for Arts rehabilitated the defunct cinema Al Hamra under the leadership of "Palestinian-Lebanese street theater performer, actor, comedian, and theater director"[108]Kassem Istanbouli (*1986). His grandfather was one of the founders of cinema in Tyre and his father used to repair cinema projectors.[95]
In 2018, the Istanbouli Theatre troupe rehabilitated and moved to the Rivoli Cinema,[109] which had been closed since 1988,[110] to establish the non-commercial Lebanese National Theater as a free cultural space with free entrance and a special focus on training children and youth in arts. It also runs the "Mobile Peace Bus", which is decorated withgraffiti of Lebanese cultural icons, to promote arts in the villages of the neighbouring countryside.[111] Istanbouli has argued:
In Tyre, we have 400 shops forshisha, one library, and one theatre. But if there are places, people will come.[112]
In 2019, the filmManara (Arabic for "lighthouse") by Lebanese directorZayn Alexander, who shot the movie at the Al Fanar resort in Tyre, won the Laguna Sud Award for Best Short Film at theVenice Days Strand festival.[113]
The ruins of the building that used to house the Empire cinema, 2019
Halim El Roumi
Layal Abboud in 2015
Karim Istanbouli in 2019 at the Rivoli
Video of the carnival during the TIRO INTERNATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL 2019
The Jafariya School was founded in 1938 by Imam Abdul Hussein Sharafeddin.[114] It soon expanded thanks mainly to donations from rich émigrés and thus was upgraded in 1946 to be a Secondary School, the first in Southern Lebanon (see above). It has remained one of the main schools in Tyre ever since.[115]
An important role in the Tyrian education landscape is played by the charity organisation of the vanished ImamMusa al-Sadr, which has been headed since his disappearance in 1978 by his sisterRabab al-Sadr.[116] While the foundation operates in various parts of the country, its main base is a compound on the southern entry of the Tyre peninsula close to the sea. A major focus is itsOrphanages, but it also runs adult educational andvocational training programmes, especially for young women, in addition to health and development projects.[117]
Musa Sadr also laid the groundwork for establishing the Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL) which was finally licensed in 1996 and opened a branch on the seafront,in Tyre. Its board of trustees is dominated by representatives of the Supreme Shiite Council, founded by Sadr in 1967.[118]
The Lebanese Evangelical School in Tyre with a history of more than 150 years is arguably the largest school in town.Collège Élite, a French international school opened in 1996, is another one of a host of private schools in Tyre. The Cadmous College - a pre-kindergarten to grade 12 school, run by the Maronite missionaries - has about 10% Christian and 90% Muslim pupils.[119]
In August 2019, the 17-year-old Ismail Ajjawi – a Palestinian resident of Tyre and graduate of the UNRWA 'Deir Yassin' High School in theEl-Buss refugee camp[120] – made global headlines when he scored top-results to earn a scholarship to study atHarvard, but wasdeported upon arrival inBoston despite valid visa.[121] He was readmitted ten days later to start his studies in time.[122]
The Palestinian Jal Al Bahar "gathering" to the left of the unfinished building of the TYRE Hotel
An accurate statistical accounting is not possible, since the government of Lebanon has released only rough estimates of population numbers since 1932.[125]
The Lebanese nationality population of Tyre is predominantly Shia Muslim with a small but noticeable Christian community. In 2010, it was estimated that Christians accounted for 15% of Tyre's population.[126] In 2017, theMaronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre counted about 42,500 members. Most of them live in the mountains of Southern Lebanon, while there are just some 500 Maronites in Tyre itself. The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre – which not only covers theDistrict of Tyre in theSouth Governorate but also neighbouring areas in theNabatieh Governorate – registered 2,857 members in that year.[127]
The city of Tyre has become home to more than 60,000 Palestinian refugees who are mainly Sunni Muslims with some Christian families. Tyre hosted Shias from the seven villages that were depopulated in 1948, they settled in suburbs like Shabriha. As of June 2018, there were 12,281 registered persons in the Al Buss camp,[128] 24,929 in Burj El Shimali[129] and 34,584 inRashidieh.[130] In the ramshackle "gathering" of Jal Al Bahar next to the coastal highway, the number of residents was estimated to be around 2,500 in 2015.[131]
In all camps, the number of refugees from Syria and Palestinian refugees from Syria increased in recent years.[130] Tensions developed since these new arrivals would often accept work in the citrus and banana groves "for half the daily wage" that local Palestinian refugees used to earn.[132]
In early 2019, some 1,500 Syrian refugees were evicted from their informal settlements around the Litani river for allegedly polluting the waters which are already heavily contaminated.[133]
Tyre is known as "Little WestAfrica". Many families in Tyre have relatives in the Western Africa diaspora, especially inSenegal,Sierra Leone,Liberia,Ivory Coast andNigeria. In Senegal, most immigrants originated from Tyre. Member of the Tyrian communities there are "primarily second, third and fourt generation migrants, many of whom have never been to Lebanon." One of Tyre's main promenades is called "Avenue du Senegal".[115]
As there were an estimated 250,000 foreign workers – mostlyEthiopian women – under the discriminatoryKafala system of sponsorship in Lebanon by 2019,[134] there is also a large community of African migrants in Tyre. They are mainly Ethiopian women who work as domestic servants. Some of them celebrate church service at the Greek-Catholic Cathedral of Saint Thomas, which has devoted a chapel on its compound to Tyre-bornSaint Frumentius, the first bishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In April 2014 one Ethiopian made headlines in an apparent suicide in Tyre:
Media reports said the woman had fled last week from her employer's home. Security forces later detained the Ethiopian and returned her to her employer[135]
AFerrari with a number plate fromLagos, Nigeria, in Tyre
The economy of urban Tyre mostly depends on tourism, contracting services, the construction sector, andremittances from Tyrians in the diaspora, especially in West Africa.[6]
UNIFIL contributes greatly to the purchasing power in the Tyrian economy as well, both through spending by its individual members as well as through "quick-impact projects" like gravelling road, rehabilitating public places etc.[11]
Tyre houses one of the nation's major ports, though much smaller than the ports of Beirut, Tripoli, and also Sidon/Saida. Its cargo traffic has been limited to the periodical import of used cars. One day after the2020 Beirut explosion which devastated thePort of Beirut and much of the national capital on 4 August the national government reportedly decided to use the Port of Tyre as a back-up for the Port of Tripoli.[137]
In the harbour area, the Barbour family of shipbuilders continues to build wooden boats.[138] Tyre is thus one of only a few cities in the Mediterranean that has kept this ancient tradition, although the Barbour business has been struggling to survive as well. By 2004, there were "over 600 fishermen [..] striving to make ends meet in Tyre alone".[139]
Lebanon's General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (GDLRC) recorded for Tyre a 4.4 percent growth rate for land transactions between 2014 and 2018, the highest rate in the country during that period.[140] This increase in real estate prices has been largely attributed to the inflow of remittances from diaspora Tyrians.[6]
In the same year the club scored arguably one of its biggest transfers whenRoda Antar from its own youth teams was loaned to Germany'sHamburger SV for two seasons. After eight years in Germany with Hamburg,SC Freiburg and1. FC Köln he played another six years in theChinese Super League and then returned to Tadamon for one final season before retirement.[citation needed]
Ulpian (early 3rd century CE), Famous Roman jurist who taught at the renownedLaw school atBeirut
Meropius of Tyre (Μερόπιος), a philosopher, traveled together with two of his relatives, Frumentius (Φρουμέντιος) and Edesius (Εδέσιος) to ancient India.[146][147]
Porphyry, Neoplatonic philosopher and writer, he edited and publishedThe Enneads ofPlotinus and hisIsagoge, an introduction to logic and philosophy, was the standard textbook on logic throughout the Middle Ages
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