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Anas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of birds
For other uses, seeAnas (disambiguation).

Anas
Femalemallard (Anas platyrhynchos) with brood of young
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Anseriformes
Family:Anatidae
Tribe:Anatini
Genus:Anas
Linnaeus,1758
Type species
Anas boschas[1] =Anas platyrhynchos
Linnaeus, 1766
Species

31 extant, see text

Synonyms
  • Nettion
  • Querquedula
  • Punanetta

Anas is agenus ofdabbling ducks. It includes the pintails, most teals, and themallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of amolecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera.[2] The genus now contains 31 living species. The nameAnas is theLatin for "duck".

Systematics

[edit]

ThegenusAnas was introduced by the Swedish naturalistCarl Linnaeus in 1758 in thetenth edition of hisSystema Naturae.[3][4]Anas is the Latin word for a duck.[5] The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a largemolecular phylogenetic study was published that comparedmitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the familyAnatidae. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined wasnon-monophyletic.[2] Based on the results of this study,Anas was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genusMareca, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genusSpatula and theBaikal teal placed in themonotypic genusSibirionetta.[6]

Species

[edit]

There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:[6]

ImageCommon nameScientific nameDistribution
African black duckAnas sparsaeastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa from South Africa n north to South Sudan and Ethiopia with outlying populations in western equatorial Africa, in south east Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon.
Yellow-billed duckAnas undulatasouthern and eastern Africa.
Meller's duckAnas mellerieastern Madagascar.
Pacific black duckAnas superciliosaIndonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the Caroline Islands in the north and French Polynesia in the east
Laysan duckAnas laysanensisHawaiian Islands
Hawaiian duckAnas wyvillianaHawaiian islands
Philippine duckAnas luzonicathe Philippines
Indian spot-billed duckAnas poecilorhynchaPakistan and India
Eastern spot-billed duckAnas zonorhynchaSoutheast Asia
MallardAnas platyrhynchosAlaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea, in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand
Mottled duckAnas fulvigulaGulf of Mexico coast between Alabama and Tamaulipas (Mexico) and Florida
American black duckAnas rubripesSaskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States
Mexican duckAnas diaziMexico and the southern United States.
Cape tealAnas capensissub-Saharan Africa
White-cheeked pintailAnas bahamensisCaribbean, South America, and the Galápagos Islands
Red-billed tealAnas erythrorhynchasouthern and eastern Africa
Yellow-billed pintailAnas georgicaSouth America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia
Eaton's pintailAnas eatoniisland groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean
Northern pintailAnas acutaEurope, Asia and North America
Eurasian tealAnas creccanorthern Eurasia
Green-winged tealAnas carolinensisNorth America except on the Aleutian Islands
Yellow-billed tealAnas flavirostrisArgentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil.
Andean tealAnas andium (formerly included inA. flavirostris)Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Sunda tealAnas gibberifronsIndonesia.
Andaman tealAnas albogularis (formerly included inA. gibberifrons)Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma)
Grey tealAnas gracilisAustralia and New Zealand
Chestnut tealAnas castaneaTasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island
Bernier's tealAnas bernieriMadagascar
Brown tealAnas chlorotisNew Zealand
Auckland tealAnas aucklandicaAuckland Islands south of New Zealand
Campbell tealAnas nesiotis (formerly included inA. aucklandica)New Zealand

Extinct Species

Formerly placed inAnas:

Phylogeny

[edit]

Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.[2]

Anas

Auckland teal (A. aucklandica)

Brown teal (A. chlorotis)

Bernier's teal (A. bernieri)

Chestnut teal (A. castanea)

Sunda teal (A. gibberifrons)

Yellow-billed teal (A. flavirostris)

Green-winged teal (A. carolinensis)

Eurasian teal (A. crecca)

Northern pintail (A. acuta)

Yellow-billed pintail (A. georgica)

Red-billed teal (A. erythrorhyncha)

White-cheeked pintail (A. bahamensis)

Cape teal (A. capensis)

Mexican duck (A. diazi)

American black duck (A. rubripes)

Mottled duck (A. fulvigula)

Mallard (A. platyrhynchos)

Indian spot-billed duck (A. poecilorhyncha)

Philippine duck (A. luzonica)

Laysan duck (A. laysanensis)

Pacific black duck (A. superciliosa)

Meller's duck (A. melleri)

Yellow-billed duck (A. undulata)

African black duck (A. sparsa)

Fossil record

[edit]
Anas blanchardi fossil

A number offossil species ofAnas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:

  • †Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China)[7]
  • †Anas sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)[8]
  • †Anas amotape(Campbell 1979) (Talara Tar Seeps, Late Pleistocene of Peru)[9]
  • †Anas bunkeri(Wetmore 1944) (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) –Nettion red-and-green head clade?[10]
  • †Anas cheuenAgnolín 2006 (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) –Dafila?[11]
  • †Anas ganiiBurchak-Abramovich, Suspanov and David 1996 (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Moldova)
  • †Anas greeni(Brodkorb 1964) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA)[12] –Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • †Anas itchtuckneeMcCoy 1963[13] (Late Pleistocene of Florida, USA) doubtful validity[14]
  • †Anas kisatibiensisBurchak-Abramovich and Mczedlidze 1995 (nomen nudum) (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi,Georgia)
  • †Anas kurochkiniZelenkov & Panteleyev 2015 (Late Miocene of Sea of Azov, southern Russia)
  • †Anas lambrechtiSpillman 1942 [Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti] (Pleistocene of Ecuador)
  • †Anas ogallalae(Brodkorb 1962) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA)[15] –Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • Bermuda Islands flightless duck †Anas pachyscelusWetmore 1960 (Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
  • †Anas pullulans(Brodkorb 1961) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Oregon, USA)[16] –Punanetta?
  • †Anas schneideriEmslie 1985 (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)[17]

Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of theAnas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:

  • †"Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminateheron.[18]
  • †"Anas" blanchardi,"A." consobrina,"A." natator are now inMionetta
  • †"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium),"A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and"A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.[18][19]
  • †"Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Hungary),"A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Germany) and"A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Germany) are apparentlyAnatidae of unclear affiliations[18]
  • †"Anas" integra and"A." oligocaena are now inDendrochen.
  • †"Anas" lignitifila from the Late Miocene ofTuscany has been moved to its own genus,Bambolinetta, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
  • †"Anas" luederitzensis (Early Miocene of Namibia) may belong withinOxyurini[20]
  • †"Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed inAnserobranta.[21]
  • †"Anas" sansaniensis is now placed inChenoanas
  • †"Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and"A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belongAnas, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.[22]

Anas elapsum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) is now synonymised with the extantHardhead.[23]Anas gracilipes andAnas strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) are both junior synonyms of the extantChestnut teal.[23]

Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of themoa-nalos. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as thePacific black duck,Laysan duck, andmallard. Phylogenetically, they may even form aclade within the traditional genusAnas.[24] However, when compared to these species – which are representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriformebauplan. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictlyphylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Anatidae".aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics.Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved2023-08-05.
  2. ^abcGonzalez, J.; Düttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae".Journal of Zoology.279 (3):310–318.doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x.
  3. ^Linnaeus, C. (1758).Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 122.Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved2018-02-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  4. ^Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 460.Archived from the original on 2022-03-16. Retrieved2018-02-21.
  5. ^Jobling, James A. (2010).The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 46.ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^abGill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017)."Screamers, ducks, geese & swans".World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union.Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved24 July 2017.
  7. ^Stidham, T.A. (2015)."Re-description and phylogenetic assessment of the Late Miocene ducksAythya shihuibas andAnas sp. (Aves: Anseriformes) from Lufeng, Yunnan, China"(PDF).Vertebrata PalAsiatica.10:335–349.
  8. ^Bernor, R.L.; Kordos, L.; Rook, L. (2004)."Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium"(PDF).Paleontographica Italiana.89:3–36. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2007-06-28.
  9. ^Campbell, Kenneth E. (1979).The non-passerine Pleistocene avifauna of the Talara Tar Seeps, northwestern Peru. Royal Ontario Museum.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.52133.ISBN 0888542305.
  10. ^Brodkorb, Pierce (1958)."Birds From the Middle Pliocene of Mckay, Oregon".Condor.60 (4):252–255.doi:10.2307/1365194.JSTOR 1365194.
  11. ^Agnolín, F.L. (2006)."Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de Argentina".Studia Geológica Salmanticensia.42:81–95.
  12. ^Brodkorb, Pierce (1964)."A Pliocene Teal from South Dakota".Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences.27 (1):55–58.
  13. ^McCoy, J.J. (1963)."The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida".The Auk.80 (3):335–351.doi:10.2307/4082892.JSTOR 4082892.
  14. ^Campbell, Kenneth E. (1980)."A review of the Rancholabrean avifauna of the Itchtucknee River, Florida".Contributions in Science.330:119–129.doi:10.5962/p.226843.
  15. ^Brodkorb, P. (1962). "A teal from the Lower Pliocene of Kansas".Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences.25 (2):157–160.
  16. ^Brodkorb, P. (1961). "Birds from the Pliocene of Juntura, Oregon".Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences.24 (3):169–184.
  17. ^Emslie, Steven D. (1985)."A New Species of Teal From the Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Wyoming".Auk.102 (1):201–205.doi:10.2307/4086849.JSTOR 4086849.Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved2014-10-30.
  18. ^abcMlíkovský, Jiří (2002).Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe(PDF). Prague: Ninox Press. p. 123.ISBN 80-901105-3-8{{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 11 April 2016.
  19. ^Brodkorb, Pierce (1962)."The Systematic Position of Two Oligocene Birds From Belgium".Auk.79 (4):706–707.doi:10.2307/4082652.JSTOR 4082652.Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved2014-10-30.
  20. ^Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2008). "Birds (Aves) from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia".Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia.20:147–167.
  21. ^Mayr, G.; Lechner, T.; Böhme, M. (2022)."Nearly complete leg of an unusual, shelduck-sized anseriform bird from the earliest late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Germany)".Historical Biology.35 (4):465–474.doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2045285.
  22. ^Worthy, T. H.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J. A.; Douglas, B. J. (2007)."Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand"(PDF).J. Syst. Palaeontol.5 (1):1–39.Bibcode:2007JSPal...5....1W.doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957.hdl:2440/43360.S2CID 85230857.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved2019-09-24.
  23. ^abOlson, S.L. (1977). "The identity of the fossil ducks described from Australia by C. W. De Vis".Emu.77 (3):127–131.doi:10.1071/MU9770127.
  24. ^Sorenson, M. D.; Cooper, A.; Paxinos, E. E.; Quinn, T. W.; James, H. F.; Olson, S. L.; Fleischer, R. C. (1999)."Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA".Proceedings: Biological Sciences.266 (1434):2187–93.doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0907.PMC 1690346.PMID 10649633.

External links

[edit]
  • Media related toAnas at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related toAnas at Wikispecies
Genera ofwaterfowl and their extinct allies
Avemetatarsalia
Theropoda
Maniraptora
Anserimorphae
    • see below↓
†Presbyornithidae
†Anachronornithidae
Anseriformes
sensu stricto
Anhimae
Anhimidae
Anseres
Anseranatoidea
Anseranatidae
Anatoidea
†Paranyrocidae
Anatidae
    • See below ↓
Presbyornis pervetus
†Romainvillinae
Dendrocygninae
†Dendrocheninae
Stictonettinae
Anserinae
Tadorninae
Anatinae
Oxyurini
Mergini
Anatini
Aythyini
Chelychelynechen quassus
Anas
National
Other
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