Kriyananda | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | James Donald Walters (1926-05-19)May 19, 1926 Teleajen,Romania |
| Died | April 21, 2013(2013-04-21) (aged 86) Assisi, Italy |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Philosophy | Kriya Yoga |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Paramahansa Yogananda |
Kriyananda (bornJames Donald Walters; May 19, 1926 – April 21, 2013) was an AmericanHindu religious leader,yoga guru,[1][2] meditation teacher, musician, and author. He was adirect disciple ofParamahansa Yogananda[1] and founder of the spiritual movement named "Ananda".[1][3] He wrote numerous songs and dozens of books. According to theLA Times, the main themes of his work were compassion and humility, but he was a controversial figure.[4] Kriyananda and Ananda were sued for copyright issues,[5][4][6] sexual harassment,[7][8] and later, for alleged fraud and labor-law violations.[9]
Walters met Yogananda at the age of 22 and became his disciple. After the latter's death in 1952, he continued serving in theSelf-Realization Fellowship (SRF) ashram. In 1955, Walters was given the vows ofsannyas and was ordained as a Brother of the SRF Order, along with Sarolananda, Bimalananda and Bhaktananda, by then-SRF PresidentDaya Mata and was given the name Kriyananda.[10]
In 1960, upon the death of M. W. Lewis, the SRF Board of Directors elected Kriyananda to the board of directors and eventually to the position of vice president. In 1962, the Board of Directors voted unanimously to expel him from SRF and requested his resignation.[11][12]
Kriyananda founded Ananda, a worldwide movement of religious and communal organizations based on Yogananda'sWorld Brotherhood Colonies ideal.[3]
J. Donald Walters was born on May 19, 1926, inTeleajen,Romania, to American parents, Ray P. and Gertrude G. Walters. His father was an oil geologist with theEsso Corporation (since renamedExxon in the United States), who was then assigned to the Romanian oilfields. Walters received an international education in Romania, Switzerland, England, and the United States. He attendedHaverford College andBrown University, leaving the latter in hissenior year. He then moved to South Carolina to study stagecraft.[11][1]
After moving to South Carolina, Walters read theBhagavad Gita and later,Yogananda'sAutobiography of a Yogi.[1] According to Walters, he found theAutobiography in a New York City bookstore and it changed his life.[11] He became a vegetarian, and in 1948 he traveled cross-country by bus to southern California to become one of Yogananda's disciples.[1][11]
In 1948, upon arriving inLos Angeles, California, Walters met Yogananda and took vows of discipleship and renunciation, according to Walters' autobiography.[11] Walters soon attained a leadership position in Yogananda's organization, Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF), and served as a lecturer.[1]
On March 7, 1952, Paramahansa Yogananda was a speaker at a banquet for the visiting Indian Ambassador to the United StatesBinay Ranjan Sen and his wife at theBiltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. While giving his speech, Yogananda suddenly dropped to the floor and died.[13] Walters was present in the hall.[14] In 1953, the SRF published Walter's book,Stories of Mukunda.[15][16]
In 1955, Walters became the main minister at SRF'sHollywood center. At this time, he took further vows of renunciation and the monastic nameKriyananda.[1] According to SRF's magazine, he was given his final vows ofsannyas into the swami order ofShankaracharya byDaya Mata, SRF's president from 1955 until her death in 2010.[17] Regarding this order, Yogananda stated in hisAutobiography of a Yogi:
Every swami belongs to the ancient monastic order which was organized in its present form by Shankara. Because it is a formal order, with an unbroken line of saintly representatives serving as active leaders, no man can give himself the title of swami. He rightfully receives it only from another swami; all monks thus trace their spiritual lineage to one common guru, Lord Shankara. By vows ofpoverty, chastity, and obedience to the spiritual teacher, many Catholic Christian monastic orders resemble the Order of Swamis.[18]
In 1960, upon the death of SRF Board member and Vice President M. W. Lewis, the SRF Board of Directors, who were direct disciples appointed to the board by Yogananda, elected Kriyananda as a member and vice president of the Board. He served in that capacity until dismissed in 1962.[1][17]
Kriyananda remained in India, serving SRF until 1962, when its board of directors voted unanimously to request his resignation.[17] According to Phillip Goldberg, SRF won't say exactly why except that he was self-serving.[19] Kriyananda felt that being dismissed from SRF was unjust.[20]
Kriyananda established Ananda Village as a World Brotherhood Colony in 1968 on 40 acres (160,000 m2) of land near Nevada City, California—his portion of a 160-acre (0.65 km2) parcel acquired withRichard Baker,Gary Snyder, andAllen Ginsberg.[21]
Kriyananda founded various retreat centers: The Expanding Light Yoga and Meditation Retreat and the nearby Ananda Meditation Retreat, both located near Nevada City, California; Ananda Associazione nearAssisi, Italy; and AnandaGurgaon, India.[3]
On March 8, 1989, Kriyananda's World Brotherhood Choir from California sang at the Vatican during Pope John Paul II's public audience with 10,000 people in attendance.[22][23][non-primary source needed]
Even though he was controversial and contradictory, he wrote many songs and dozens of books unified by themes such as compassion and humility. One of his books was honored at the 2010USA Book News Awards.[4] He lectured in different countries throughout the world. In addition to English, he spokeItalian,Romanian,Greek,French,Spanish,German,Hindi,Bengali, andIndonesian and taught in several of these languages.[24]
In 1990, Self-Realization Fellowship filed suit against Ananda Church of Self-Realization and James Walters (Kriyananda), claiming trademark violation against using the term "Self-Realization" in their recent name change, and for exclusive rights on specific writings, photographs and recordings of Paramahansa Yogananda. The litigation ended with a jury judgement in 2002.[6] The main outcomes of court findings and jury judgement were:
In 1994, Anne-Marie Bertolucci, a former resident of Ananda, with her attorney Ford Greene, filed suit against Ananda, Ananda minister Danny Levin, and J. Donald Walters (Kriyananda).[26][7] Walters was sued for sexual harassment and fraud for using his titleswami, which implied he was celibate.[8][7] In 1998 he was found guilty of appearing to be celibate by using the title of swami but all the while having sex with several women during 30 years of overseeing Ananda.[8][27][26] He was also judged to have caused emotional trauma.[27] At the end of the trial in 1998, the jury found Ananda, the church, was found liable for "negligent supervision" of Kriyananda, with a finding of "malice and fraud" on the part of the church.[8][26] The jury also found that Levin had made unwelcomed sexual advances.[27]
In March 2004, Italian authorities raided the Ananda colony in Assisi, responding toallegations of a former resident who accused Ananda Assisi of fraud,usury, and labor law violations. Nine residents were detained for questioning. They also had a warrant for Kriyananda's detention, but he was in India. A seven-year-long investigation followed.[28] In March 2009, the judge ruled that the case was "non luogo a procedere perché il fatto non sussiste" (not to be continued as the matter is without substance).[29]
In 1983, Kriyananda let go of his monastic sannyas vows in the Shankaracharya order, which includes his vow to celibacy. He began using his birth name of James Donald Walters and married in 1985 but then divorced.[1] In 1995, on his own, he resumed his monastic name and vows.[1]
In 2009, Kriyananda established the Nayaswami order.[30] New Nayaswami initiates reestablish their commitment to 'seek God as the only purpose of their lives.' They wear royal blue clothing as a sign of their renunciate vows, sincere commitment, and personal protection from worldly influences.[31] As written inThe Times of India, Kriyananda said: "The purpose of being a Nayaswami is positive; it's seeking a spiritual path instead of rejecting the world around you. Focus is on I am trying to reach joy, I'm trying to reach Samadhi."[30]
On April 21, 2013, he died in his home in Assisi.[32]
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