Lama Anagarika Govinda | |
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 Govinda, c. 1940-45 | |
| Born | Ernst Lothar Hoffmann (1898-05-17)17 May 1898 |
| Died | 14 January 1985(1985-01-14) (aged 86) Mill Valley, California, U.S. |
| Other names | Lama Govinda |
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Anagarika Govinda (bornErnst Lothar Hoffmann, 17 May 1898 – 14 January 1985) was the founder of the order of theArya Maitreya Mandala and an expositor ofTibetan Buddhism,Abhidharma, andBuddhist meditation as well as other aspects of Buddhism. He was also a painter and poet.[1]
Ernst Lothar Hoffmann was born inWaldheim, Germany, the son of a German father and aBolivian mother. His father was quite well to do and owned acigar factory. His mother died when he was three years old. While enrolled in the German army during World War I, he caughttuberculosis in Italy and was discharged. He recovered at asanatorium and then studiedphilosophy, psychology andarchaeology atFreiburg University. He did not finish his studies, but went to live in a Germanart colony onCapri in Italy, as a painter and poet. He studied at the Universities ofNaples andCagliari and made archeological research journeys in North Africa. He lived on Capri from 1920 until 1928.[2] During his time in Italy Hoffman became familiar with the work of German life-philosopherLudwig Klages whose biocentric metaphysics greatly fascinated him and influenced his approach to and understanding of Buddhism.[3] Already at the age of 16 he started to study philosophy and by way ofSchopenhauer he encountered Buddhism. After having made a comparative study of the major religions, he became a convinced Buddhist at the age of 18. He joined theBund für buddhistisches Leben (Association for Buddhist Living). On Capri he practiced meditation with an American Buddhist friend.[4]
In December 1928, Hoffman moved from Capri toSri Lanka and stayed as a celibate Buddhist layman (brahmacāri), and later as a celibate, homeless layman (anagarika), for nine weeks at theIsland Hermitage withNyanatiloka Thera, a teacher and scholar in theTheravada tradition. He was instrumental in founding the International Buddhist Union (IBU) in 1929, of which he made Nyanatiloka the president. The aim of the IBU was to unite all Buddhists worldwide and to promote Buddhism through the virtuous and exemplary conduct of practising Buddhists. As secretary of the IBU, he travelled to Burma and Europe to raise support. Although he came to Sri Lanka with the aim of becoming a Buddhist monk, he was discouraged to do so byAnagarika Dharmapala on the grounds that it would be difficult to travel as a Buddhist monk. In 1930 he founded the Variyagoda Hermitage in a tea-estate in the mountains near Gampola, but he only lived there for one year with his German stepmother Anne Habermann who had come with him from Europe. At Variyagoda Govinda studiedAbhidhamma andPali.[5]
In April 1931 Govinda went to All-India Buddhist Conference inDarjeeling as the representative of the IBU, to propagate the "pure Buddhist teaching as preserved in Ceylon, in a country where it had degenerated into a system of demon worship and fantastic forms of belief." However, in nearbySikkim he met the Tibetan Gelugpa meditation teacher Tomo Geshe Rimpoche alias Lama Ngawang Kalzang (1866–1936),[6] who greatly impressed him and completely changed his views aboutTibetan Buddhism. From then on he embraced Tibetan Buddhism, although he never abandoned his Theravada roots and stayed in contact with Nyanatiloka and later with Nyanaponika. Lama Ngawang Kalzang taught meditation to Govinda, who remained in contact with him until his death. During their 1947–1948 expeditions to Tibet, Govinda andLi Gotami met Ajo Repa Rinpoche, who, according to Govinda, initiated them into the Kagyüpa school of Tibetan Buddhism.[7]
The scholar Donald Lopez questions whether the 'initiations' that Govinda received are to be understood in the traditional Tibetan way of the term, i.e., as an empowerment by a Lama to carry out Tantric rituals or meditations. When he first met Lama Ngawang Kalzang, Govinda spoke no Tibetan and his description of the initiation is vague. According to Lopez, no initiation into the Kagyu order or any other Tibetan order exists, and it is unclear what was the nature of the initiation ceremony and the teachings that Govinda and his wife received from Ajo Repa Rinpoche. Govinda himself wrote inFoundations of Tibetan Mysticism that he understood 'initiates' to mean 'individuals who, in virtue of their own sensitiveness, respond to the subtle vibrations of symbols which are presented to them either by tradition or intuition.'[8] And inThe Way of White Clouds, he wrote: "A real Guru's initiation is beyond the divisions of sects and creeds: it is the awakening to our own inner reality which, once glimpsed, determines our further course of development and our actions in life without the enforcement of outer rules."[9]
Govinda stayed on in India, teaching German and French atRabindranath Tagore'sVisva-Bharati University in Santinekan. He lost interest in the IBU, which caused it to collapse. In 1932 Govinda briefly visited Tibet from Sikkim (visiting Mount Kailash), and in 1933 from Ladakh. The summer months of 1932 and 1934 he and his stepmother, who had followed him to India, stayed at his hermitage at Variyagoda, where a German Buddhist nun, Uppalavaṇṇā (Else Buchholz), and a German monk, Vappo, were then also living. Uppalavaṇṇā acquired the property from Govinda in 1945 and stayed there until the 1970s.[10] In a letter dated 1.9.1934 Govinda wrote that he had come to Sri Lanka accompanied by Rabindranath Tagore and had given a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in various places in Sri Lanka, trying to raise support for the planned Buddhist university at Sarnath. The reception in Sri Lanka was poor and Govinda, who had run out of funds, was quite disappointed.[11]
On orders of Tomo Geshe Rimpoche Govinda founded his order, The Buddhist OrderArya Maitreya Mandala, on 14.10.1933. Fourteen people were then ordained. Govinda received the name Anangavajra Khamsung Wangchuk. In 1934, in Calcutta, he had the first exhibition of his paintings. From 1935 to 1945 he was the general secretary of the International Buddhist University Association (IBUA), for which he held lectures on Buddhist philosophy, history, archeology, etc., at the Buddhist academy at Sarnath. In 1936 he got a teaching position at the University of Patna, from where he gave guest lectures at the universities of Allahabad, Lucknow and Benares. His lectures on Buddhist psychology at the University of Patna were published in 1939 asThe Psychological Attitude of Early Buddhist Philosophy, and his lectures at Shantinekan asPsycho-Cosmic Symbolism of the Buddhist Stupa in 1940. In 1938, after two failed attempts and on recommendation of the prime minister of Uttar Pradesh, he managed to become a full British citizen. In 1947 he became a citizen of India. From 1937 to 1940 he lived with his stepmother in a house in Darjeeling.[12]
Although Govinda was now a British citizen, he was nevertheless interned by the British during WWII due to his associations with "persons of anti-British sympathies," i.e. the Nehru family. First he was interned at Ahmednagar. Because he made no secret of being against Fascism, the Nazis in the prison camp bullied him, just as they did with other anti-fascists. This bullying compelled the British to open a special camp for anti-fascists at Dehra Dun, where he was transferred to in 1942. Nyanatiloka and other German Buddhist monks from Sri Lanka were also interned at Dehra Dun. In the camp Govinda stayed with the German monkNyanaponika Thera, with whom he studied languages, and formed a close friendship that lasted till the end of his life.[13]
In 1947 he married theParsi artistLi Gotami (original name Ratti Petit, 22 April 1906 - 18 August 1988) from Bombay, who, as a painter, had been his student at Santinekan in 1934. Govinda and Li Gotami wore Tibetan styles robes and were initiates in theDrugpa Kagyu lineage.[14] The couple lived in a house rented from the writerWalter Evans-Wentz atKasar Devi, nearAlmora in northern India.[15] Kasar Devi, in hippie circles known as 'Crank's Ridge', was a bohemian colony home to artists, writers and spiritual seekers such asEarl Brewster,Alfred Sorensen andJohn Blofeld. Many spiritual seekers, including the Beat PoetsAllen Ginsberg andGary Snyder, the LSD GurusTimothy Leary andRalph Metzner, the psychiatristR. D. Laing, and TibetologistRobert Thurman came to visit Govinda at his ashram. The number of visitors became so great that the couple eventually put signs to keep unwanted visitors away.[16]
From Kasar Devi, Govinda and Li Gotami undertook journeys to Tibet in the late 1940s, making a large number of paintings, drawings and photographs. These travels are described in Govinda's bookThe Way of the White Clouds.[17] While on the expedition toTsaparang and Tholing in Western Tibet in 1948–49, sponsored by theIllustrated Weekly of India, Govinda received initiations in theNyingma andSakyapa lineages.[18] Pictures of the Tsaparang frescoes taken by Li Gotami, then, before the Cultural Revolution, still intact appear in Govinda'sThe Way of the White CloudsFoundations of Tibetan Mysticism andTibet in Pictures (co-authored with Li Gotami).[19]InThe Way of the White Clouds Govinda writes that he was a reincarnation of the poetNovalis.[20]
The German Hans-Ulrich Rieker, who was ordained in the Arya Maitreya Mandala Order in 1952, was ordered by Govinda to set up a Western wing of the Order. The founding took place simultaneously in Berlin by Rieker, and in Sanchi by Govinda, on 30.11.1952. In 1960 Govinda went to Europe as a representative of Tibetan Buddhism at an international religious conference in Venice. Subsequently, he went to England, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands. In 1965 he went on a lecturing tour through Germany, France, and Switzerland. In 1968-69 through the US and Japan. In 1972–73, and 1974-76 he went on world tours. In 1977 he last visited Germany.
On his journeys to the West Govinda made friends with the Swiss philosopherJean Gebser, the Zen and Taoist teacherAlan Watts, the pioneer of transcendental psychotherapyRoberto Assagioli and the authorLuise Rinser.[21]
For health reasons Govinda finally settled in theSan Francisco Bay area, where he and his wife were taken care of byAlan Watts andSuzuki Roshi's San Francisco Zen Centre.[22] In San Francisco he established a branch of his order, called "Home of Dhyan".[23] In 1980 he visited India for a last time and gave up his house in Almora. He remained mentally agile despite suffering from several strokes from 1975 onwards. During an evening discussion on 14.1.1985, he suddenly felt a sharp pain in his neck that traveled downwards. He lay down on his right side and died laughing.[24]
His ashes were placed in the Nirvana-Stupa, which was erected in 1997 on the premises of Samten Choeling Monastery popularly known asGhum Monastery inDarjeeling.[25]
Govinda wrote several books on a wide variety of Buddhist topics. His most well known books areThe Way of the White Clouds andFoundations of Tibetan Mysticism, which were translated in many languages. Some of his works such asFoundations of Tibetan Mysticism were written in German and were subsequently translated to English. His articles were published in many Buddhist journals such as theMaha Bodhi, and the German journalDer Kreis[26] published by his Buddhist Order Arya Maitreya Mandala.[27] Govinda consideredThe Inner Structure of the I Ching, the Book of Transformation as his most important book.[28]
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