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Amurdak language

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Endangered Iwaidjan language of Australia's Northern Territory
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Amurdak
Native toAustralia
RegionOenpelli,Goulburn Island,Northern Territory
EthnicityAmurdak
Native speakers
1 (2020)[1]
SeeStatus[2]
Iwaidjan
  • Amurdak
Dialects
  • Urrirk
  • Gidjurra
Language codes
ISO 639-3amg
Glottologamar1271
AIATSIS[3]N47
ELPAmurdak
  Amurdak

Amurdak, also renderedAmurdag,Amurdak,Amurag,Amarag andWureidbug, is anAboriginal Australian language historically spoken in an area around the eastern coast ofVan Diemen Gulf, in theNorthern Territory of Australia. No speakers were recorded in 2021,[3] so it may be extinct.

Status

[edit]

According to a report by theNational Geographic Society and theLiving Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, it is an endangered language. The last living speaker,Charlie Mungulda, worked with Australian linguistsNick Evans, Robert Handelsmann and others, over several decades to record his language.[4][5]

The Amurdak language and Charlie Mungulda were featured inLanguage Matters with Bob Holman, a 2015PBS documentary about endangered languages.[6][7]

According to the2016 Australian census, there were no speakers of Amurdak in 2016;[8] however, as of March 2021[update] Mungulda's death has not been reported,[9] and he co-authored a paper published in May 2020.[1]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
PeripheralLaminalApical
BilabialVelarPalatalAlveolarRetroflex
Plosivepkctʈ
Nasalmŋɲnɳ
Approximantwɣjɻ
Trillr
Flapɽ
Lateral(ʎ)lɭ
Lateral flapɺ⟨ld⟩𝼈⟨rld⟩

Evans but not Mailhammer identifies a palatal lateral/ʎ/ in Amurdag.

Vowels

[edit]

Mailhammer (2009) does not provide a vowel inventory but Evans (1998) briefly discusses vowels in his paper, noting that Iwaidjan languages including Amurdak have a three vowel (/a/, /i/, /u/) system.

FrontBack
Highiu
Lowa

References

[edit]
  1. ^abMay, Sally K.; Taylor, Luke; Frieman, Catherine; Taçon, Paul S.C.; Wesley, Daryl; Jones, Tristen; Goldhahn, Joakim; Mungulda, Charlie (1 August 2020)."Survival, social cohesion and rock art: the painted hands of Western Arnhem Land, Australia".Cambridge Archaeological Journal.30 (3) (published 1 May 2020):491–510.doi:10.1017/S0959774320000104.hdl:2440/134685.ISSN 0959-7743. Retrieved14 March 2021.
  2. ^Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021)."Cultural diversity: Census". Retrieved13 October 2022.
  3. ^abN47 Amurdak at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  4. ^Scientists: Many World Languages Are DyingArchived 5 October 2007 at theWayback Machine,Associated Press viaFox News, 18 September 2007. Accessed 19 September 2007.
  5. ^Schmid, Randolph E. (19 September 2007)."As languages die away, so do pieces of history".The Seattle Times.
  6. ^"Language Matters with Bob Holman: A film by David Grubin".PBS. 10 January 2015. Archived fromthe original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved28 January 2015.
  7. ^"10 people who are the last speakers of endangered languages".Gazette Review. 27 August 2016. Retrieved14 March 2021.
  8. ^"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)".ABS. Archived fromthe original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved30 October 2017.
  9. ^"Language Hotspots".Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. Retrieved14 March 2021.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Evans, Nicholas (1998). "Iwaidja mutation and its origins". In Anna Siewierska & Jae Jung Song. Case, Typology and Grammar: In honor of Barry J. Blake. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 115–149.
  • Handelsmann, R. (1991). Towards a description of Amurdak: a language of northern Australia. Honours thesis, University of Melbourne,
  • Mailhammer, R. (2009) 'Towards an Aspect-Based Analysis of the Verb Categories of Amurdak', Australian Journal of Linguistics, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 349–391.
  • Neidjie, B., Mulurinj, N., Mailhammer, R., & Handelsmann, R. (2009). Amurdak inyman: Six stories in Amurdak.
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