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| Clinical data | |
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | Professional Drug Facts |
| MedlinePlus | a601015 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth,intravenous therapy (IV) |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | 60% |
| Eliminationhalf-life | 7–9 hours |
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| CompTox Dashboard(EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.696 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C16H24N10O4 |
| Molar mass | 420.434 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Aminophylline is a compound of thebronchodilatortheophylline withethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as adihydrate.[2]
Aminophylline is less potent and shorter-acting thantheophylline. Its most common use is in the treatment of airway obstruction from asthma or COPD. Aminophylline is a nonselectiveadenosine receptor antagonist andphosphodiesterase inhibitor.[3]
Intravenous aminophylline can be used for acute exacerbation of symptoms and reversible airway obstruction inasthma and other chronic lung disease such asCOPD,emphysema and chronicbronchitis. It is used as an adjunct to inhaledbeta-2 selectiveagonists and systemically administeredcorticosteroids.[4]
Aminophylline is used to reverseregadenoson,dipyridamole or adenosine based infusions during nuclear cardiology stress testing. Aminophylline has also been reported to be effective in preventing slow heart rates during complex cardiovascular interventions (atherectomy of the right coronary artery).[5] It is also used in the treatment of heart block due to acute inferior myocardial infarction. It can also causecardiac arrest.
Aminophylline has shown some promise as a bodyfat reducer when used as a topical cream.[6] Aminophylline is also a treatment option foranaphylactic shock.[7]
While it has been suggested for use incardiac arrest evidence does not support a benefit.[8][9]
Aminophylline can lead to theophylline toxicity. Aminophylline has been found to decrease the sedative effects ofpropofol[10] and decreasetopiramate antiseizure action.[11]
It is moresoluble in water than theophylline. White or slightly yellowish granules or powder, having a slight ammoniacal odor and a bitter taste. Upon exposure to air, it gradually loses ethylenediamine and absorbscarbon dioxide with the liberation of free theophylline. Its solutions arealkaline. 1 g dissolves in 25 mL of water to give a clear solution; 1 g dissolved in 5 mL of water crystallizes upon standing, but redissolves when a small amount ofethylenediamine is added. Insoluble in alcohol and in ether.
Like other methylatedxanthine derivatives, aminophylline is both a
Aminophylline causes bronchodilation, diuresis†,central nervous system and cardiac stimulation, and gastric acid secretion by blocking phosphodiesterase which increases tissue concentrations ofcyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which in turn promotescatecholamine stimulation oflipolysis,glycogenolysis, andgluconeogenesis, and induces release ofepinephrine from adrenal medulla cells.
†Diuresis is caused by an increase in cAMP which acts in the CNS to inhibit the release ofantidiuretic hormone (arginine-vasopressin).
Adenosine is an endogenous extracellular messenger that can regulate myocardial oxygen needs.[3][17] It acts through cellular surface receptors which effect intracellular signalling pathways to increase coronary artery blood flow, slow heart rate, block atrioventricular node conduction, suppresscardiac automaticity, and decrease β-adrenergic effects on contractility.[3][17] Adenosine also antagonizes chronotropic and ionotropic effects of circulating catecholamines.[18] Overall, adenosine decreases the heart's rate and force of contraction, which increases blood supply to the cardiac muscle. Given specific circumstances this mechanism (which is intended to protect the heart) may cause atropine-resistant refractory bradyasystole.[3] Adenosine's effects are concentration-dependent. Adenosine's receptors are competitively antagonized by methylxanthines such as aminophylline.[3][17][18] Aminophylline competitively antagonizes the cardiac actions of adenosine at the cell surface receptors.[17] Thus, it increases heart rate and contractility.
