| Amerika | |
|---|---|
_promo.jpg) | |
| Written by | Donald Wrye |
| Directed by | Donald Wrye |
| Starring | Kris Kristofferson Robert Urich Wendy Hughes Sam Neill Cindy Pickett Dorian Harewood Armin Mueller-Stahl Richard Bradford Ivan Dixon Marcel Hillaire Ford Rainey Graham Beckel Reiner Schöne Mariel Hemingway Christine Lahti |
| Theme music composer | Basil Poledouris |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 7 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Donald Wrye |
| Producers | John Lugar Richard L. O'Connor |
| Cinematography | Hiro Narita |
| Editors | Craig Bassett Raja Gosnell Dan Harville Jacque Elaine Toberen Martin Cohen Frank Mazzola Michael Ripps |
| Running time | 870 minutes |
| Production company | ABC Circle Films |
| Budget | US $40 million (est.) |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | February 15 (1987-02-15) – February 22, 1987 (1987-02-22) |
Amerika is an American televisionminiseries that was broadcast in 1987 onABC. The miniseries inspired anovelization entitledAmerika: The Triumph of the American Spirit.Amerika starredKris Kristofferson,Mariel Hemingway,Sam Neill,Robert Urich,Christine Lahti, and a 17-year-oldLara Flynn Boyle in her first major role.Amerika was about life in the United States after abloodless takeover engineered by theSoviet Union.[1] Not wanting to depict the actual takeover, ABC Entertainment president,Brandon Stoddard, set the miniseries ten years after the event, focusing on the demoralized U.S. people a decade after the Soviet conquest. The intent, he later explained, was to explore the U.S. spirit under such conditions, not to portray the conflict of the Soviet coup.
Described in promotional materials as "the most ambitious American miniseries ever created",Amerika aired for14+1⁄2 hours (including commercials) over seven nights (beginning February 15, 1987), and reportedly cost $40 million to produce. The miniseries was filmed inOntario, Canada, in theGolden Horseshoe andsouthwestern Ontario cities ofToronto,London,[2] andHamilton,[3] as well as various locations in Nebraska – most notably the small town ofTecumseh, which served as "Milford", the fictional setting for most of the series.Donald Wrye was the executive producer, director, and writer ofAmerika, while composerBasil Poledouris scored the miniseries, ultimately recording (with theHollywood Symphony Orchestra) eight hours of music – the equivalent of four feature films.[1]
Amerika has an indirect connection to another notable ABC program, the 1983 television filmThe Day After, which some critics felt was toopacifist for portraying the doctrine of nuclear deterrence as pointless. Stoddard cited a column in theLos Angeles Herald-Examiner by Nixon speechwriter (and later, television personality)Ben Stein that appeared a few weeks beforeThe Day After aired. Stein wrote, in part:
since my dear friends at ABC-TV have made a TV movie very rightly describing the terror of an atomic attack on America, perhaps they might consider something else. Perhaps they might make a TV movie about why the people of the United States face such a dreadful risk. They might make a movie about what life in the United States would be like if we lived under Soviet domination.Here is the idea: Let's have a movie called "In Red America." It would be about a few days or weeks in the life of several American families after the Soviet Union had taken over America.
Stoddard acknowledged that Stein's remarks provided the inspiration for the series. Stein received aquitclaim fee for the idea and otherwise was not involved in the production ofAmerika.[4] Originally envisioned as a four-hour made-for-TV movie entitledTopeka, Kansas, U.S.S.R., the project soon was expanded into a miniseries.
The storyline ofAmerika primarily follows three political leaders:
Major female characters, in addition to Ballard, include Peter Bradford's wife, Amanda (played byCindy Pickett), Devin Milford's ex-wife, Marion (played byWendy Hughes), and most notably, Devin's sister Alethea (played byChristine Lahti), who at the outset is prostituting herself to the local occupation leader. "Alethea is the center", noted Donald Wrye. "She is a metaphor for America – not just phonically – and it is she who discovers her moral core through(out) the course of the series." Lara Flynn Boyle played Bradford's teenage daughter, Jackie.
The human drama of these characters intersects with the political intrigue of the Soviet plans for the breakup of the United States. Bradford, the pragmatist, clashes with Milford, the idealist; Bradford's wife is Milford's ex-girlfriend, who finds she still has feelings for Milford upon his release from the prison camp; Denisov appoints Milford's ex-wife, a powerful magistrate (and General Samanov's mistress), to serve as Bradford's deputy and assistant in Heartland; and Kimberly's renewed sense of U.S. pride ultimately affects her relationship with Denisov.
Towards the end of the 1980s, as thedecline of the Soviet Union puts it in danger of losing the Cold War, the Soviet leadership makes a desperate gamble to rearrange the globalbalance of power. Four largethermonuclear weapons are detonated in theionosphere over the United States. The resultingelectromagnetic pulse (or EMP) destroys the nation's communications and computer systems, cripples the U.S. electrical grid, and affects any equipment that relies on computer technology, such as most late-model automobiles. With its ICBMs inoperative—and theNational Command Authority unable to contact U.S. military forces abroad or their foreignallies in western Europe to launch a counterattack—the U.S. is forced to accept Soviet terms for surrender: unilateral disarmament, the end of the dollar as areserve currency, and integration into the Soviet military/economic bloc. The United States quickly falls under Soviet military occupation under the command of Russian General Petya Samanov, with thePresident andCongress becoming mere figureheads for their Soviet overseers. Communications between the administrative areas have been cut off, and the damage to the electrical grid caused by the EMP attack has never been fully repaired.
The above events are implied in the miniseries, although never directly explained. The description is taken from the novelization of the miniseries,Amerika: The Triumph of the American Spirit byBrauna E. Pouns and Donald Wrye (Pocket Books, 1987), based on Wrye's screenplay.
In 1997, a decade after its defeat, the contiguous United States is occupied by aUnited Nations peacekeeping force, the United Nations Special Service Unit (UNSSU), composed primarily ofEastern Bloc forces. The UNSSU garrison in Milford is under a command of an officer fromEast Germany, Major Helmut Gurtman (played byReiner Schöne). UNSSU troops periodically engage in destructive combined arms training exercises which are deliberately intimidating to the local population.
Those Americans who engage in dissent are stripped of their privileges and sent to exile camps, where they are anathema to the Soviets and their fellow citizens. Association and communication with the exiles is forbidden, although some risk their own remaining freedoms by offering humanitarian aid.Production quotas have been imposed, and foodstuffs rationed, with the surplus being shipped to the Soviet Union.
Against this background, Bradford ascends to the leadership as governor-general of Heartland. He acts the part of a collaborator, hoping to reform the Soviet occupation from within with ideals of the old United States. Milford is released from the prison camp, hoping to be reunited with his children and fight to end the occupation and restore the United States. Denisov hopes to "salvage as much as possible" of the old U.S., while realizing that the U.S. essentially must cease to exist as a nation in order to appease the Soviet Union's leadership.
The Soviet leaders of the occupation are faced with the dual problem of keeping the U.S. pacified and convincing thePolitburo that their fears of a revitalized U.S. are unfounded because the country can no longer pose a threat. The Politburo is not convinced, and considers exploding nuclear weapons on the American capital ofWashington, D.C. and also over several unnamed U.S. cities as a warning to the subjugated Americans and to the world. Samanov and Andrei Denisov, both of whom want Soviet control of the United States to be relatively humane, are horrified by this idea.
At great personal risk, Petya Samanov convinces the Soviet leadership in the Kremlin in Moscow to accept an agreeable compromise plan. The United States will be divided into "satellite states" such as Heartland; the Politburo accepts the plan on the condition that the members of both theUnited States House of Representatives and theUnited States Senate will besummarily executed. This avoids the possibility of a trial taking place in Washington similar to theNuremberg trials that took place decades earlier at the end ofWorld War II, long before the Soviet occupation of the former United States. Such a trial will proceed either by a court of law or by a Soviet military tribunal being appointed by the Central Committee in Moscow making a strenuous journey to travel to the former U.S. capital city to preside over such a trial. This is mostly due to their fears that Congress has been galvanizing the American people to rise against their Soviet overlords. Under strict instructions to Samanov by Moscow, the planned operation will only be carried out if theUnited States Congress refuses to agree to dissolve the nation's government, disperse, and go home in peace. If they comply, the lives of both chambers of Congress will be spared.
After the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives and both members of the House and Senate of Congress gather in the House of Representatives chamber, Samanov arrives at theUnited States Capitol Building with his senior Soviet ranking officers, Soviet military aides, and members of his military staff, along with members of theKGB who secretly surround and enter the building. He then addresses the assembled Congress and asks them to disband their legislative body in a peaceful and orderly manner, dissolve the United States government, and relinquish their power and authority to the Soviet-occupied administrative areas; the members angrily refuse to do so with and through united resistance. After seeing their true colors, Samanov becomes angry and agitated by their refusal and he abruptly walks out of the House of Representatives chamber. Shortly afterwards, the House of Representatives chamber's doors are locked and, with no way of escape for the legislators, his men from the KGB begin firing into the entire crowd of legislators within the gallery. All members of both chambers of Congress are killed in the attack, along with the speaker of the House of Representatives, the vice president, and presumably the president pro tempore of the United States Senate. Fearing the symbolic artwork in the rotunda will inspire future Americans to rise up and take up arms in the future against the Soviet occupation of the former United States, Samanov's men are also instructed by him and his superiors in Moscow to destroy the paintings, the sculptures, and other works of art of American history and culture in the rotunda of the Capitol Building. They do so by dumping sulphuric acid, gasoline, and inflammable liquid substances all over it. The whole inside of the rotunda is set ablaze, with the whole building being engulfed by the fire and the ceiling and top of the rotunda destroyed by the Soviet-made explosives. After the act is carried out, Samanov surveys the damage and all of the dead bodies of all the members of Congress. He then sits in the House of Representatives chamber that was spared by the fire and commits suicide. Hours later, all that is left of the Capitol Building is ash and charred ruins. What happened to thePresident of the United States, all of the nine justices of theSupreme Court of the United States, theJoint Chiefs of Staff and the others in the presidential line of succession remains unknown.
In the final episode of the miniseries, Heartland has seceded from the United States, with other regions to follow within the next few weeks. Instead, Heartland soldiers and local militia attack the local UNSSU compound. There is talk of a "Second American Revolution" that could undermine the Soviet Union's plans to break up the United States and end the Soviet occupation of America itself. The miniseries ends on a downbeat note, Devin Milford is shown about to make a nationwide speech telling Americans to revolt against the Soviet occupation; however, Milford is shot to death. It is unclear if he managed to make a nationwide broadcast calling on Americans to resist the breakup of the United States, but based on the ending, it appears that the United States of America will cease to exist forever as a nation and will be broken up into several independent countries withinNorth America, at least for now. With the suspicion from Denisov himself of the hope of a Second American Revolutionary War that could restore American independence and drive the Soviets along with their military, air, and naval forces from the shores of the former United States in the future, it now lies in the hands of a 14-year-old boy, Devin Milford's eldest son William Milford, when one day he comes of age.
In this fictional timeline, the U.S. Congress divided the United States into multiple Soviet occupied "administrative areas" in 1988, one year after the communist takeover. These areas are intended to become polities modeled on theSoviet republics, joined in a newNorth American Union. A map shown on screen reveals these administrative areas to be:
In addition to these areas,Washington, D.C. comprises its own National Administrative District,South Florida is described by a character as the "Space Zone", and there is a passing reference to three "International Cities", one of which isSan Francisco.Michigan is separated into two administrative regions, with theLower Peninsula belonging to Ameritech, and theUpper Peninsula belonging to the North Central region.Alaska is described as never having been pacified, requiring continued engagement by Soviet troops, and there are pockets of armed resistance in theRocky Mountains and inWest Virginia. There is no mention of what has happened toHawaii, or to U.S. territories such asPuerto Rico,Guam, andAmerican Samoa (even though Puerto Rico and theU.S. Virgin Islands may have presumably been taken over by the "GreaterCuba", led byFidel Castro).
TheRust Belt (presumably "Ameritech") faces its own special problems. Most of its advanced factory equipment was removed at the start of the occupation and taken to the Soviet Union. The region suffers 50% unemployment as a result, and its residents are not permitted to leave, except to volunteer for factory work in the Soviet Union, from which no one has yet returned.
Travel and communications between the various zones is heavily restricted, part of the "divide and conquer" plan of the Soviet occupation.
Both the novel and miniseries imply that the Soviet Union has conquered other countries after the U.S. coup (it can be surmised, for example, that the EMP which disabled U.S. technology also would have crippledCanada andMexico, a minor character says that he and his wife fled East Germany for the United States and remarked that "the promised land [had] become worse than what [they] left", and Denisov says at one point that "we control most of the world").
In this new world,Fidel Castro heads what is now called "GreaterCuba", embracing most of theCaribbean andLatin America, andTaiwan has beenabsorbed into China.North Korea has conqueredSouth Korea and Korea isunited under communist rule. A politician named "Mbele" heads the "Socialist Republic of Southern Africa" which also includesSouth Africa, "Barghout" is the leader of "Iraqistan" which includes present-dayIsrael and all of theArab world in both the Middle East and North Africa.Eastern Europe is in a state of unrest, echoing the turmoil in the former United States. The Soviet leader mentions being stationed in England before being posted in America, implying that Western Europe is also under Soviet control, much like America.
The flag of the occupation is the pale blueUnited Nations flag, with crossedU.S. andSoviet flags superimposed on the sides. The U.S. flag is shown without its stars, and this flag is displayed during the "Lincoln Week" ceremonies. The standard U.S. flag is outlawed, although one scene shows a group of war veterans marching with the old U.S. flag upside down, this being adistress signal. The U.S.national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", also is outlawed, but this does not stop a group of citizens from singing it (haltingly at first) after the "Lincoln Week" parade.
Abraham Lincoln is included withKarl Marx andVladimir Lenin in propaganda. One of the signature scenes in the film is a twenty-minute, dialogue-free depiction of the celebration of "Lincoln Week" (a holiday replacing theFourth of July), with both Lincoln and Lenin displayed on red banners that were most likely intended to be striking and startling to television audiences of the time.
A newpledge of allegiance is given by "rehabilitated" political prisoners upon release from the U.S.gulags. While the prisoners are told that they are free to refuse to make this pledge, the circumstances under which it is administered suggest otherwise. The pledge states:
I pledge my allegiance to the flag of the community of American, Soviet, and United Nations of the World, and to the principle for which it stands – a nation, indivisible with others of the Earth, joined in peace, and justice for all.
Amerika received mixed reviews; the series created controversy with some.[6][1] Certain critics and viewers felt it was too long and unrealistic, others argued that it would be damaging toSoviet-American relations, and a spokesperson for theUnited Nations objected to it being portrayed as an occupying force under Soviet control.[7][8] Some conservatives felt that Soviet brutality was greatly underplayed; conversely, a number of liberals dismissed the entire miniseries as right-wing paranoia.[1] At various points, the program was scrapped, delayed, and rewritten.[9] Prior to the show's airing, several left-wing magazines, includingThe Nation,The Progressive,Tikkun andMother Jones carried articles strongly criticizingAmerika.[8] TheAmerican Friends Service Committee also protested againstAmerika.[8] JournalistChristopher Hitchens, when encouraged by a caller on a February 1987C-SPAN talk show to view the series, commented "I bet you you don't get through to the end of it. It's a boring idiotic piece of nonsensical propaganda. No one will see it all… It's tripe. It will be a terrific anticlimax. People are going to spend a lot of time not watching it and not talking about it."[10] The automakerChrysler dropped ads which were scheduled to air during the program.[11]
For its part, the Soviet Union threatened to shut down the ABC News Moscow bureau,[12] although this threat was not carried out and indeed seemed to strengthen ABC's resolve regarding the miniseries.[1] "We're going to run that program come rain, blood, or horse manure", said ABC President John B. Sias, after the yet-to-be-airedAmerika had generated more controversy and viewer response than any other ABC program in history, includingThe Day After.The Discovery Channel countered by running 66 hours of Soviet-produced television, some of it live, including news, music videos, and films.[13]
Amerika was preceded by an ABC special addressing the considerable controversy prior to its airing (The Storm Over Amerika), and was followed by an "ABC News Viewpoint" panel discussion moderated by Ted Koppel, with Brandon Stoddard, Donald Wrye, and others addressing the issues along with questions and comments from a live studio audience in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[14]
After seeing the first episode and reading the shooting script, Tom Engelhardt stated thatAmerika had "a plot line that makes suspension of disbelief into an act of grace."[8] In its summary of the1986–87 US television season,TV Guide called the miniseries "arguably the most boring miniseries in a decade", adding that "ABC'sAmerika tried to hold America hostage for seven tedious nights (and a stupefyingly dull14+1⁄2 hours) by conjuring up a fuzzy vision of a Communist occupation of the U.S."[15]
Although it aired only two years before the fall of theBerlin Wall and the collapse of theWarsaw Pact,Amerika implied that American apathy and an unwillingness to defend freedom on the part of many citizens made the Soviet takeover rather easy.[16] This depiction was objected to by those who saw it as needlessly provoking "overt jingoism," while labeling the miniseries as "a fourteen-hour public apology to the White House from ABC executives for provoking public concern withThe Day After."[17]: 217
The miniseries' depiction of the takeover of the US by a communist authority mirroredoccurrences in Nicaragua, helping to spur organizations such as the Freedom Federation into launching its own media campaign – along withWilliam F. Buckley of theNational Review and theWall Street Journal – which used the film "as a pretext to persuade the public that the United States needed to continue its support of right-wing governments in Central America by aiding the Contras."[17]: 224–5
The first two nights ofAmerika garnered big ratings, but audience numbers dropped thereafter, and the overall miniseries averaged a 19 rating and a 29 share of American television households, compared to a 46 rating/62 share forThe Day After. "It wasn't as big a hit as its supporters had hoped", saidTed Koppel, "but it wasn't a disaster, either."Amerika was the second-highest rated miniseries of the1986–87 U.S. television season.[18]
Although a 35 share reportedly had been promised to advertisers, Stoddard was happy with the performance ofAmerika, claiming that all or part of the miniseries had been watched by 100 million people – a ratings bonanza for ABC, then in third place among the three major networks.
Amerika has not been shown on U.S. television since its original telecast on ABC. A VHS box set of the miniseries was released byAnchor Bay Entertainment in 1995, but no official DVD release is available. Portions of the soundtrack by Basil Poledouris were released on CD by Prometheus Records in 2004 (in a limited edition of 3,000 copies). The novelization is widely available from used-book sellers and online auction sites. The miniseries itself can be found pirated on YouTube.[citation needed]
In February 1987, the miniseries was parodied on theNBC showSaturday Night Live as "Amerida", in which a debt-ridden United States is mortgaged to Canada and subsequently repossessed. It positedWayne Gretzky as the prime minister of Amerida. The U.S. protagonist (played by Canadian actorPhil Hartman) longs for a country "where you don't have money that's all the colours of the rainbow" and "you don't have to punt onthird down." To calm him down, his wife makes the offer of a beer: "How about aLabatt's,eh?" The flag of Amerida was the U.S. flag with the stars replaced by a whitemaple leaf.[19]
The satirical Canadian radio programDouble Exposure parodied the series in a sketch calledKanada with a K, in which "Joe Klark with a K" rescues the nation from "Comrade Ed".