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American Solidarity Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American political party

American Solidarity Party
LeaderMarcos Lopez(as Executive Director)
ChairpersonJack Ternan[1]
FounderDavid "Frost" Harris
Kirk Morrison
Jack Quirk
Founded2011; 15 years ago (2011) (as Christian Democratic Party USA)
2016; 10 years ago (2016) (as American Solidarity Party)[2]
Youth wingYoung Americans for Solidarity
Ideology
Political positionFiscal:
Center-left[7][8]
Social:
Center-right[7]
Colors Orange
Slogan"Pro Life, Pro Family, Pro Worker"[9]
Seats in the Senate
0 / 100
Seats in the House
0 / 435
Governorships
0 / 50
State Upper House Seats
0 / 1,972
State Lower House Seats
0 / 5,411
Other elected officials3[10]
Website
www.solidarity-party.orgEdit this at Wikidata

TheAmerican Solidarity Party (ASP), formerly theChristian Democratic Party USA (CDPUSA), is an Americansyncretic political party founded in 2011 by David "Frost" Harris, Kirk Morrison, and Jack Quirk. It is aChristian democratic political party withcenter-left economic values andcenter-right social values.[4][5][11] The party has a Solidarity National Committee (SNC) and has numerous active state and local chapters.[11][12]

The American Solidarity Party has been characterized associally conservative andeconomically progressive.[6] The ASP encourages social development along the lines ofsubsidiarity andsphere sovereignty, with a stated emphasis on "the importance of strong families, local communities, and voluntary associations".[13] The party adheres to aconsistent life ethic, opposingabortion,assisted suicide,capital punishment,euthanasia,IVF,surrogacy, andunjust war. They supportuniversal healthcare,immigration, andwelfare.[14] It favorsfiscally progressive policies,[11][15][16] as well as asocial market economy with adistributist character,[17][18] which seeks "widespread economic participation and ownership",[18] and providing asocial safety net program.

In the2024 United States presidential election, it was on the ballot in Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ohio.Peter Sonski was the party's nominee in the2024 United States presidential election.

History

[edit]
Members gathered for the 2017 ASP Midwestern Regional Meeting

The American Solidarity party was founded in 2011 as the Christian Democratic Party USA (CDPUSA) by founders David "Frost" Harris, Kirk Morrison, and Jack Quirk.[11][19] The party's original name was inspired by its European counterparts, the Polish trade union known asSolidarity,[20] and the current one reflects its more developed ideology and focus in the years since.[11] The ASP mascot is thepelican, a traditionalsymbol of charity.[21]

In 2012, the CDPUSA endorsed the independent candidacy ofJoe Schriner for president.[22]

In December 2020, the American Solidarity Party joined the board of theCoalition for Free and Open Elections (COFOE).[23]

Ideology

[edit]
Part ofa series on
Christian democracy

The American Solidarity Party largely adheres to the ideology ofChristian democracy, which has been influenced byCatholic social teaching,Neo-Calvinist theology and the social teachings espoused by other traditions ofChristianity in various parts of the world.[3][24][25][4][5] As such, the ASP looks to the Christian democratic movements in Europe and the Americas.[26]

The American Solidarity Party has been characterized asconservative on social issues while supportinggovernment intervention in economic matters, making itcommunitarian.[6][27]

Political stances

[edit]

Social issues

[edit]

The American Solidarity Party opposesabortion,euthanasia, andcapital punishment on the basis of the sanctity of human life. It views the traditional family as being central to society.[16]

The American Solidarity Party advocates for a sympathetic approach to immigration. They believe in balancing the need for secure borders with a commitment to human dignity. This involves addressing the root causes ofmigration, such as the impact of the country's military, political, and economic power abroad.[16]

Economic issues

[edit]

The American Solidarity Party supports auniversal healthcare system as well as an economy containing widespreaddistribution ofproductive property, in particular increasedworker ownership andmanagement of their production.[28][29][30]

Foreign policy issues

[edit]

The American Solidarity Party isnon-interventionist in its foreign policy, using peace as its guiding principle. It supports foreign aid and nonviolent diplomacy, while opposing violent military action as a means to resolve conflicts.[16]

Electoral reform

[edit]

The American Solidarity Party advocates forelectoral reform, aiming to combat what they call a "political oligarchy" and gridlock. They propose proportional representation for theHouse of Representatives, endorseranked-choice voting orapproval voting in all elections, and support easy voter registration. The party also emphasizes fair access forindependent candidates, access to impartial information, and pilot programs for electronic voting with consideration for security concerns.[16]

Influences

[edit]

Daniel Silliman writes that the American Solidarity Party, as with other Christian-democratic political parties, draws from Catholic social teaching and Neo-Calvinist theology.[3] In the same vein, David McPherson says that the American Solidarity Party "affirm[s] ... the full spectrum of Catholic social teaching (namely, the teachings regarding the sanctity of human life, the common good, subsidiarity, religious freedom, solidarity, etc.)," contrasting the ASP to both theRepublican Party and theDemocratic Party, each of which recognizes only some of these items.[31] Its strongest support is inCalifornia andTexas, according to theMadera Tribune (ofMadera, California).[26]

Members of the American Solidarity Party use thedemonym "Solidarist" to refer to themselves.[32]

Elections

[edit]

The ASP has runcandidates for federal, state, and local offices. There are currently three ASP members serving in elected office. All three are local offices.[33]

Presidential elections

[edit]

2016

[edit]

During the2016 presidential election season, the American Solidarity Party held an online convention on July 9, 2016, which nominated Amir Azarvan ofGeorgia for president andMike Maturen ofMichigan for vice-president.[34][35][36][21] However, Azarvan subsequently withdrew, and in response the ticket was revised, with Maturen running for president and Juan Muñoz ofTexas running for vice-president.[31][26][34][37][21]

For the 2016 election, the American Solidarity Party was listed on the ballot in Colorado.[38] It was a certified write-in option in Alabama,[39] California,[40] Georgia,[41] Iowa,[39] Kansas,[42] Kentucky,[43] Maryland,[44] Michigan,[45] Minnesota, New Hampshire,[39] New Jersey,[39] Ohio,[46] Oregon,[39][47] Pennsylvania,[39] Rhode Island,[39] Texas,[48] Vermont,[39] and Washington.[49] Maturen received 6,697 votes in Colorado.[50]

2020

[edit]

In the2020 U.S. presidential election,Brian Carroll,Joe Schriner, and Joshua Perkins announced their candidacies for the ASP nomination. Carroll was declared the winner of the nomination on September 9, 2019.[51][52]

For the 2020 election, the American Solidarity Party was on the ballot in Arkansas,[53] Colorado,[54] Guam, Illinois,[55] Louisiana,[56] Mississippi,[57] Rhode Island,[58] Vermont[59] and Wisconsin.[60]

It was a certified write-in option in Alabama,[61] Alaska,[62] California,[63] Connecticut,[64] Delaware,[65] Florida,[66] Georgia,[67] Idaho, Indiana,[68] Iowa,[61] Kansas, Kentucky,[69] Maryland,[70] Massachusetts,[71] Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire,[61] New Jersey,[61] New York, North Dakota, Ohio,[72][73] Oregon, Pennsylvania,[61] Tennessee, Texas,[74] Utah,[75] Virginia,[76] Washington, and Wyoming.

2024

[edit]

On June 2, 2023,Peter Sonski won the nomination of the party for President of the United States.[77][78] The primary was conducted by an online members' vote. The vice presidential nominee, Lauren Onak, was selected by Sonski before the national convention in early July inPlano, Texas, and she was formally nominated there.[79] The party was on the ballot in Arkansas, Alaska, Hawaii, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ohio.[80] Additionally, the American Solidarity Party had approvedwrite-in status in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[81]

YearPresidential candidateVice presidential candidatePopular votes%Electoral votesResultBallot accessNotesRef.
2024Peter SonskiLauren Onak47,070 (#8)
0.03%
0Lost
74 / 538
Sonski had write-in access in 33 additional states.
2020Brian CarrollAmar Patel40,365 (#10)
0.03%
0Lost
66 / 538
Carroll had write-in access in 31 additional states.
2016Mike MaturenJuan Muñoz6,697 (#15)
0.01%
0Lost
10 / 538
Maturen had write-in access in 18 additional states.

United States Senate elections

[edit]
YearCandidateStateVotes%ResultNotesRef.
2024Mark RuzonCalifornia13,488
0.18%
LostRan on ano party preference line[82]
2024Patrick BurkeMaryland879
0.03%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[83]
2024Analisa RocheTexas1,492
0.01%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[84]
2022Mark RuzonCalifornia206
0.01%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[85]

United States House of Representatives elections

[edit]

In addition to the candidates below, Mike Vick ran as a write-in candidate forIllinois' 2nd congressional district in 2024.[86] Illinois does not report write-in votes separately. The party also endorsed Democrat and AND Campaign co-founderPastor Chris Butler for U.S. Congress inIllinois's 1st congressional district in 2022. He was eliminated in the Democratic primary, receiving 3,707 votes.[87]

YearCandidateStateDistrictVotes%ResultNotesRef.
2025Reyna AndersonTexasTX-18263
0.35%
LostRan as anindependent; did not advance totop-two general[88]
2024Erskine LeviCaliforniaCA-311,166
1.2%
LostRan on ano party preference line; did not advance totop-two general[89]
2022Oliver BlackWashingtonWA-03456
0.2%
LostRan as an American Solidarity Party candidate; did not advance totop-two general[90]
2022Erskine LeviCaliforniaCA-3117
0.01%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate; did not advance totop-two general[91]
2020Shane HoffmanOhioOH-1575
0.02%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[92]
2018Brian CarrollCaliforniaCA-221,591
2.2%
LostRan on ano party preference line; did not advance totop-two general[93]

Statewide elections

[edit]

In addition to the candidates below, Solidarity National Committee member Dr. Tyler Martin ran forgovernor of Nebraska in 2022.[94] Nebraska does not report write-in votes separately,[95] meaning Martin's vote share is unknown.

YearCandidateOfficeStateDistrictVotes%ResultNotesRef.
2024Eric AntonAuditor GeneralPennsylvaniaAt-Large20,989
0.31%
LostRan as an American Solidarity Party candidate[96]
2024Richard McKibbinRailroad CommissionerTexasAt-Large1,656
0.02%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[97][98]
2022James HaninkGovernorCaliforniaAt-Large10,110
0.14%
LostRan on ano party preference line; did not advance totop-two general[99]
2022Desmond SilveiraSecretary of StateCaliforniaAt-Large235
0.01%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[100]
2022Jacqueline AbernathyGovernorTexasAt-Large1,243
0.02%
LostRan as awrite-in candidate[101]
2021James HaninkGovernor (recall)CaliforniaAt-Large7,193
0.10%
LostRan on ano party preference line; did not advance totop-two general[102]
2018Desmond SilveiraGovernorCaliforniaAt-Large4,633
0.07%
LostRan on ano party preference line; did not advance totop-two general[103]

State legislature elections

[edit]

In addition to the candidates below, in 2024, Amar Patel ran for state representative in Illinois' 48th district, and Jonathan Bruce ran for state representative in South Carolina's 8th district. Neither state reports write-in votes separately.[104][105]

YearCandidateOfficeStateDistrictVotes%ResultNotesRef.
2021Benjamin SchmitzState SenateWisconsin13194
0.52%
LostRan as an American Solidarity Party candidate[106]
2017Monica SohlerGeneral AssemblyNew Jersey6821
0.71%
LostRan as an American Solidarity Party candidate[107]

Local elections

[edit]
YearCandidateOfficeAreaDistrictVotes%ResultNotesRef.
2025Dustin PieperCity CouncilBatavia4299
62.4%
WonNon-partisan election[108]
2025Daniel O'ConnellLibrary TrusteeLombardAt-Large (four seats)1,961
7.21%
LostNon-partisan election[108]
2025Daniel HollenbachLibrary TrusteeLombardAt-Large (four seats)1,755
6.46%
LostNon-partisan election[108]
2025Sam KuhlmanLibrary TrusteeLombardAt-Large (four seats)1,596
5.87%
LostNon-partisan election[108]
2025Dustin HimmerichLibrary TrusteeLombardAt-Large (four seats)1,536
5.85%
LostNon-partisan election[108]
2025Richard PetraitisLibrary TrusteeWoodridgeAt-Large (two seats)684
13.14%
LostNon-partisan election[108]
2024George DziukCity CouncilElmendorf347
100%
WonNon-partisan election[109][110]


Presidential tickets

[edit]
ElectionNameRunning MateCampaign
Announcement date
Votes
2024
Peter Sonski
Member Regional School District 17 board of education inConnecticut

Lauren Onak
Community organizer, non-profit executive, and teacher inMassachusetts

Campaign: February 20, 2023[111]

Nomination: June 2, 2023[77]
FEC Filing[112]

46,472 (#8)
0 EV
2020
Brian Carroll
Teacher fromCalifornia

Amar Patel
National Committee Chair of the American Solidarity Party fromIllinois

Campaign: April 2, 2019[113]
Nomination: September 9, 2019
FEC Filing[114]
42,305 (#10)
0 EV
2016Mike Maturen
replacing Amir Azarvan
Salesperson fromMichigan
Juan Muñoz
replacing Mike Maturen
State Party Chair fromTexas

FEC Filing[115]
6,697 (#15)
0 EV

Presidential election ballot access and results

[edit]
American Solidarity Party ballot access during the 2024 presidential election
  Certified for ballot
  Registered write-in
  Automatic write-in
  Not on ballot
ASP ballot status in 2020
  On ballot
  Write-in
  Not on ballot
ASP ballot status in 2016
  On ballot
  Write-in
  Not on ballot
History of American Solidarity Party ballot access and presidential election results by state or territory
Year201620202024
Party nomineesMike Maturen (president)
Juan Muñoz (vice president)
Brian T. Carroll (president)
Amar Patel (vice president)
Peter Sonski (president)
Lauren Onak (vice president)
States & D.C.ballot access
(write-in access)
1 (25)8 (31)7 (45)
Ballot access to electoral votes
(write-in access)
9 (323)66 (397)74 (480)
AlabamaUnreportedUnreportedUnreported
AlaskaUnreportedUnreported702[116]
Arizona
Arkansas1,713[117]2,141[118]
California1,316[119]2,605[120]2,924
Colorado862[121]2,515[122]910
Connecticut220[123]162
Delaware87[124]98
District of Columbia
Florida854[125]7,454[126]
Georgia151[127]756[128][a]730
Guam (advisory)138[130]46[131]
Hawaii936[132]
Idaho35[133][b]163[134]239
Illinois9,548[135]1,391
Indiana895[136]1,347[137]
IowaUnreportedUnreported195
Kansas214[138]583[139][b]569
Kentucky155[140]408[141]611[142]
Louisiana2,497[143]2,240[144]
Maine65
Maryland504[145]795[146]1,012
Massachusetts164[147][c]280
Michigan517[148]963[149]1,212
Minnesota244[150]1,037[151]882
Mississippi1,161[152]1,007
Missouri664[153]1,069
Montana
NebraskaUnreportedUnreportedUnreported
Nevada
New HampshireUnreported79[c]159
New JerseyUnreported330[154][d][b]385
New Mexico
New York409[156]892[157]1,544
North Carolina
North DakotaUnreported36[158][b]
Ohio552[159]1,450[160]10,197[161]
Oklahoma
OregonUnreportedUnreported
PennsylvaniaUnreported1,164[b]829
Rhode Island34[162]767[163]
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee762[164]
Texas1,401[165]3,207[166]3,780[167]
Utah368[168]441[169]
Vermont19[170]209[171]55
VirginiaUnreportedUnreported32
WashingtonUnreported18[e]
West Virginia63
Wisconsin284[172]5,259[173]647
WyomingUnreported
Total6,69742,30546,472
Legend
Listed on ballot
Registered as write-in candidate
Write-in candidates allowed without registration
Not a candidate in the state/territory/district
  1. ^This table reflects the results certified byFulton County which were released after those certified by the state for other counties.[129]
  2. ^abcdeMay have received write-in votes, which have not yet been reported by the state.
  3. ^abCompiled from results reported by local governments.
  4. ^Compiled from results reported by counties.[155]
  5. ^Skagit County was the only county to count write-in votes.

List of affiliates

[edit]
State/territorial partyChairpersonMembersUpper house seatsLower house seatsBallot accessPresidential ballot access (2024)
American Solidarity Party of CaliforniaDominick DiCarlo[174]
0 / 40
0 / 80
NoYes
American Solidarity Party of Colorado
0 / 35
0 / 65
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Florida
0 / 40
0 / 120
YesYes
American Solidarity Party of Georgia
0 / 56
0 / 180
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Idaho
0 / 35
0 / 70
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Illinois
0 / 59
0 / 118
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of IndianaBonnie Kallis[175]
0 / 50
0 / 100
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Maryland
0 / 47
0 / 141
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Massachusetts
0 / 40
0 / 160
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Michigan
0 / 38
0 / 110
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Missouri
0 / 34
0 / 163
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of North Carolina
0 / 50
0 / 120
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of OhioShane Hoffman[176]
0 / 33
0 / 99
NoYes
American Solidarity Party of Oregon
0 / 30
0 / 60
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Pennsylvania
0 / 50
0 / 203
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of TennesseeJeffery Combs[177]
0 / 33
0 / 99
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Texas
0 / 31
0 / 150
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Utah
0 / 29
0 / 75
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of Washington
0 / 49
0 / 98
NoNo
American Solidarity Party of WisconsinDavid Bovee[178]
0 / 33
0 / 99
NoNo

Notable party supporters

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"American Solidarity Party".Facebook. June 22, 2025. RetrievedJune 23, 2025.
  2. ^"American Solidarity Party". June 22, 2025.Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. RetrievedJune 23, 2025.
  3. ^abcSilliman, Daniel (June 22, 2020)."For Third-Party Christians, Some Things Are More Important Than Winning".Christianity Today.Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2022.As the American Solidarity candidate for president, Carroll wants to grow the party, which was founded in 2011 on Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinist political theology.
  4. ^abcBlack, Susannah (August 15, 2016)."Mr. Maturen Goes to Washington".Front Porch Republic.Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. RetrievedAugust 16, 2016.What's next may be hinted at by a 51 year old devout Catholic, businessman, and semi-professional magician named Mike Maturen, who recently accepted the presidential nomination of the American Solidarity Party, the only active Christian Democratic party in the nation.
  5. ^abc"Christian Democracy".American Solidarity Party.Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. RetrievedJuly 18, 2018.
  6. ^abcPadusniak, Chase (Winter 2015),"Why You Should Vote Third Party",Intercollegiate Review,Intercollegiate Studies Institute, archived fromthe original on August 21, 2016, retrievedJuly 21, 2016,For the socially-conservative American who thinks government intervention has some place in the economy, the American Solidarity Party might fit.
  7. ^ab"Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?".Catholic News Agency. October 12, 2016.Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. RetrievedDecember 24, 2021.Politically, we would be considered center-right on social issues and center-left on economic issues.
  8. ^"New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching". November 26, 2018.Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. RetrievedNovember 17, 2021.opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements…and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues.
  9. ^"American Solidarity Party".X.com. June 22, 2025. RetrievedJune 23, 2025.
  10. ^"Elected Officials - American Solidarity Party".American Solidarity Party.Archived from the original on April 14, 2025. RetrievedApril 16, 2025.
  11. ^abcdeLongenecker, Dwight (May 12, 2016)."Is It Time for a US Christian Democracy Party?". Aleteia.Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. RetrievedJuly 4, 2016.
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  14. ^"Principles and Platform".American Solidarity Party. RetrievedOctober 22, 2025.
  15. ^"New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching". November 26, 2018.Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. RetrievedNovember 17, 2021.I was working on my doctoral dissertation largely concerning difficulties and opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements ... and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues.
  16. ^abcde"Platform".American Solidarity Party.Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. RetrievedApril 12, 2018.
  17. ^"Christian Democracy".American Solidarity Party. Archived fromthe original on November 16, 2018. RetrievedJuly 18, 2018.
  18. ^ab"Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?".Catholic News Agency. October 12, 2016.Archived from the original on September 13, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2020.We believe in the economic concept of distributism as taught by GK Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.
  19. ^Thomas, Sean C. (2023)."A Home for the Politically Homeless? The American Solidarity Party, Catholics, and Third Parties in U.S. Politics".Политикологија религије.XVII (2):353–379.doi:10.54561/prj1702353t.ISSN 1820-6581.Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. RetrievedJuly 26, 2024.
  20. ^"Platform". Archived fromthe original on June 10, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 30, 2021.
  21. ^abcLongenecker, Dwight (August 25, 2016),"This man says America's ready for a centrist Christian party",Crux, archived fromthe original on October 17, 2016, retrievedAugust 26, 2016
  22. ^Wood, Elizabeth (2012)."Christian Democratic Party- USA endorses Joe Schriner for President".Joe Schriner.Archived from the original on April 16, 2000. RetrievedAugust 3, 2016.Roanoke, VA –independent presidential candidate "Average" Joe Schriner was proudly endorsed by the Christian Democrats (CDP-USA).
  23. ^Winger, Richard (December 3, 2020)."American Solidarity Party Joins Board of Coalition for Free & Open Elections (COFOE)".Ballot Access News. RetrievedDecember 4, 2020.
  24. ^Monsma, Stephen V. (2012).Pluralism and Freedom: Faith-based Organizations in a Democratic Society.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 13.ISBN 9781442214309.This is the Christian Democratic tradition and the structural pluralist concepts that underlie it. The Roman Catholic social teaching of subsidiarity and its related concepts, as well as the parallel neo-Calvinist concept of sphere sovereignty, play major roles in structural pluralist thought.
  25. ^Witte, John (1993).Christianity and Democracy in Global Context.Westview Press. p. 9.ISBN 9780813318431.
  26. ^abcRieping, John (August 6, 2016),"New party boosted by election frustrations",The Madera Tribune,Madera, California,archived from the original on August 8, 2016, retrievedAugust 6, 2016
  27. ^O'Brien, Breda (September 17, 2016),"US struggles to find an honest candidate for president",The Irish Times,archived from the original on September 18, 2016, retrievedSeptember 21, 2016
  28. ^Rosa, Michelle La (July 16, 2021)."The American Solidarity Party is growing. Can it succeed?".The Pillar.Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. RetrievedDecember 14, 2021.
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  31. ^abMcPherson, David (July 29, 2016),"The Politics of Solidarity: The Case for the American Solidarity Party",First Things,archived from the original on January 16, 2021, retrievedJuly 29, 2016
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  34. ^ab"Here's the (revised) ticket - American Solidarity Party in 2016",A Follower of Francis blog, July 13, 2016,archived from the original on October 13, 2016, retrievedAugust 6, 2016
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  36. ^"Interview with Mike Maturen",The Conservative Alternative blog, July 14, 2016,archived from the original on October 13, 2016, retrievedAugust 6, 2016
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