American Jewish Congress

Founded	1918; 107 years ago (1918)
Registration no.	13-1679610 (EIN)
Purpose	American Jews organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy - using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.
Headquarters	New York City, U.S.
President	Daniel Rosen
Chairman	Jack Rosen
Vice President	Dr. Munr Kazmir
Secretary	Ben Chouake
Website	www.ajcongress.org

TheAmerican Jewish Congress (AJCongress) is an association ofAmerican Jews organized to defend Jewish interests in the US and internationally throughpublic policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.^[1]

The idea for an American Jewish Congress was first proposed on August 30, 1914, byBernard G. Richards.^[2] Leaders within the American Jewish community, consisting of Jewish,Zionist, and immigrant community organizations, convened the first AJCongress atIndependence Hall inPhiladelphia. RabbiStephen Samuel Wise,Felix Frankfurter,U.S. Supreme Court JusticeLouis Brandeis, and others joined to lay the groundwork for a national democratic organization of Jewish leaders from all over the country, to rally for equal rights for all Americans regardless of race, religion, or national ancestry.^[3]

The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) was officially founded in November 1918. In addition to its goal of equal rights for all, it was founded to broaden Jewish leadership and to present a unified American Jewish position at theParis Peace Conference in 1919.^[4] More militant and confrontational than other Jewish defense organizations such as theAmerican Jewish Committee, it represented a populist counterbalance to the American Jewish Committee, dominated by the wealthy and conservative German-Jewish establishment.^[5][2]

It has established a "reputation for being politically liberal." It protested the Nazi regime.^[2]

PostWorld War II, it made "its mark as an active litigant on church-state issues and civil rights".^[6]

AJCongress became effective as a pressure group in 1928 under the leadership of Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, who remained president and chief spokesperson until his death in 1949.^[4] Throughout the 1930s, Wise was vocal in his warnings about the dangers ofNazism. WhenAdolf Hitler was namedChancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, Wise organized a mass protest rally atMadison Square Garden in New York City despite strong opposition by the German government, theU.S. State Department, and conservative Jewish organizations such as the AJC andB'nai B'rith. The AJCongress continued to organize protest rallies throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In August 1933, the AJCongress led a general boycott of German goods.^[7]

In 1934, Daniel Marks was named head of the AJCongress. He traveled to Germany and brought 5,000 Jews to America.^{[citation needed]}

In 1936, the AJCongress was instrumental in establishing theWorld Jewish Congress (WJC). Maintaining his position as president of the AJCongress, Rabbi Wise was also elected president of the WJC. During World War II, the AJCongress acted as a liaison between the U.S. government and the WJC on issues relating to rescue attempts made on behalf of European Jews.^{[citation needed]}

In August 1942, RabbiWise received a cable fromGerhart Riegner, theWJC representative in Switzerland.^{[8][better source needed]} Riegner reported that the Nazis had planned, and were implementing, a policy toexterminate all of European Jewry; the cable also referred specifically to theAuschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. After theU.S. State Department confirmed the accuracy of the information in the cable, now known as theRiegner Telegram, the AJCongress convened a Joint Emergency Committee.^{[9][better source needed]}

The AJCongress supportedZionism andcultural pluralism.^[10] Its leadership overlapped with that of theZionist Organization of America (ZOA). As a result, the two organizations agreed to concentrate on different tasks during the war. The AJCongress dedicated itself to rescuing European Jews, while the ZOA worked to establish a Jewish state inPalestine. This arrangement continued after the war, although its significance decreased after the creation of theState of Israel in 1948.^{[citation needed]}On November 14, 1949, RabbiIrving Miller was elected as president of the AJCongress, succeeding Wise.^[11]

AfterWorld War II, middle-class Jews of Eastern European descent with socialist-labor and professional civil rights backgrounds began to take over leadership roles in the Jewish community. In contrast to the previous approach to placate theWASP elite in America, these leaders were eager and willing to join the public battle for Jewish civil rights. Unlike other Jewish organizations such as the American Jewish Committee and the ADL, AJC preferred a more direct approach to addressing antisemitism through litigation and lobbying for legal change.^[5]

RabbiJoachim Prinz (1902–88) was president of the AJCongress from 1958 to 1966. He served as a founding chairman of the 1963March on Washington and spoke at that event.^[12]

The AJCongress also supportedcoalition politics, legislative reform, and litigation as a means of bolstering a sense of Jewish identity and community.^[10] In order to further these goals, the AJCongress created the Commission on Community Interrelations (CCI) and the Commission on Law and Social Action (CLSA).^[10] The CCI worked to use psychology and social engineering to combat prejudice and developed psychological studies to bolster anti-discrimination legislation.^[10] The CLSA, chaired byShad Polier, was the legal arm of the AJCongress and was modeled after the Legal Defense Fund of theNAACP.^[10] The mission of CLSA was "to defend civil liberties and fight discrimination against all minority groups, based on an understanding that prejudice against any group was a threat to others."^[10] One of the earliest cases the CLSA worked on wasWestminster School District v. Mendez, challenging Mexican-American segregation in California schools.^[10] The brief filed by the CLSA in this case was influential in future NAACP strategies.^[10]

AJCongress lawyers successfully challenged racial and religious segregation in public schools, citing the psychological harm produced in school children.^[10] These lawyers employed civil rights and Establishment Clause arguments.^[10] Jewish judges in New York, unable to gain the support of their colleagues to end religion matching of probationers, turned to AJCongress lawyers to craft a legal strategy.^[10] The lawyers at the AJCongress proffered an employment discrimination argument, noting that judges on the court only hired as many Jewish probation officers as there were Jewish probationers.^[10] They used this argument to file a claim with New York's State Commission Against Discrimination (SCAD), which was also the first state anti-discrimination agency in the country.^[10] This claim was partially successful in that it forced judges to hire probation officers without regard to religion, but still allowed matching based on religion.^[10]

The AJCongress's involvement in legal proceedings sometimes conflicted with other Jewish American organizations. In 1966, the AJCongress joined theNew York Civil Liberties Union, the United Parents Associations, and theUnited Federation of Teachers in filing suit against provisions of theFederal Education Act, which would provide support to religious schools.Jewish day school educators and leaders in over 30 states and over 100 communities representing 330 Hebrew day schools insisted that the AJCongress did not speak for American Jews on religious or educational issues, and was viewed by some in the Jewish community as primarily a secular agency. The president of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (also known as theOrthodox Union), Rabbi Joseph Karasick, said that the AJCongress "speaks for itself only and is under no circumstances to be taken as representing the American Jewish community. The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, central spokesman for this country's 3,100 Orthodox synagogues, as well as all Orthodox rabbinic bodies and every other Orthodox Jewish body, have given full support to the Federal Education Act and deem its provisions to be consonant with the principle of church-state separation."^[13]

Among their most important actions was their participation on the touristic boycott by American Jews against Mexico in 1975, whileNaomi B. Levine led the lawsuit when she was executive director of the American Jewish Congress.^[14] This was a response to the impulse of Arab countries, the Soviet bloc, and Non-Aligned Movement countries to consider Zionism as racism in the context ofWorld Conference on Women in Mexico City, and the followingUN General Assembly Resolution 3379 which equated it with South Africa's Apartheid and was supported by the Mexican government at the time. Joint with other Jewish American organizations, the AJCongress announced the suspension of all their trips to Mexico on November 18, 1975, after 30 unanimous votes during an executive committee reunion.^[15]

In late 1978, New York State's prison system reached an agreement, brokered in part by AJCongress's then-assistant executive director Marc D. Stern, "to arrange ... TV dinners ... along with packaged breakfasts and disposable utensils" to those requestingkosher food while in prison.^[16]

In the 1978Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case, the AJCongress opposed racial quota systems and exclusive consideration of race in college admissions. The AJCongress celebrated Supreme Court's decision in the case to strike down racial quotas in university admissions, seeing it as a vindication of their view that racial quotas were unconstitutional. By 2003, the organization's opposition to affirmative action had tempered. The AJCongress's legal director Marc Stern said at the time that "The Jewish community is less concerned about affirmative action than it was 25 years ago...We've all shifted."^[17][18]

Following its heyday during the 1960s, when many of its activities coincided with the largerCivil Rights Movement, a drop-off in its membership throughout the 1980s and 1990s ensued.^{[citation needed]}

In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, the AJCongress experienced the defection of a number of local chapters, including those in Boston, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles. There were disputes over ideological issues and finances. Some of those chapters have since reestablished themselves as independent non-profits focused on liberal social and community issues. Finding the AJCongress had become too conservative, members of the Los Angeles chapter, for instance, created theProgressive Jewish Alliance (PJA) in 1999.^[19] They sought to assert a Jewish interest in the campaigns forsocial justice inSouthern California, which has the United States' second largest Jewish population. The Progressive Jewish Alliance expanded in February 2005 by opening a San Francisco Bay Area chapter.^{[citation needed]}

In 1994, the AJC along with theAnti Defamation League launched a campaign demanding that theIRS revoke the tax-exempt status of theHoly Land Foundation (HLF). In December 2001, when President George Bush designated the HLF as a domestic terror organization, the HLF was the largest Muslim charity in the United States.^[20]

The AJCongress has since regrouped and is actively engaged in constitutional issues domestically and supportingIsrael and challenginganti-Semitism abroad.^{[citation needed]}

In 2004, the AJCongress led a successful effort to keep federal funds out of Catholic schools. U.S. District JudgeGladys Kessler sided with the AJCongress, which argued that federal funds were being used to pay for the teaching of Catholic values through programs such as theUniversity of Notre Dame's Alliance for Catholic Education.AmeriCorps argued that its funding was based on a program's secular activities, not religious teachings. But Judge Kessler ruled that the religious and secular activities were not sufficiently separated or monitored.^[21]

The AJCongress suspended its activities and laid off much of its staff on July 13, 2010, because it had run out of operating funds due to losses in theMadoff scandal.^[22][23] It disclosed that it lost roughly $21 million of the $24 million in endowments it had invested throughBernard Madoff and his firm, money that supported the AJCongress and its programs. The endowments supported about one quarter of the AJCongress' budget, which was $6.2 million in 2006. The AJCongress had connected with Madoff through Martin and Lillian Steinberg, supporters of AJCongress and friends of Madoff who invested with him, and Madoff became a trusted advisor of AJCongress on financial matters. The AJCongress increased its investments with Madoff in 2004, after it sold its New York headquarters for $18 million in 2003, and when the Steinbergs died they left approximately $17 million to the organization, which was also invested with Madoff. While the financial losses of the endowment were crippling, others noted that the AJCongress had long been in the shadow of larger American Jewish organizations such as theAJC and theAnti-Defamation League (ADL). While the AJCongress focused on religious freedom in America, free speech, and women's rights, donors showed more interest in Israel and anti-Semitism.^[24]

While the AJCongress had a long history of fighting aid to religious schools, the effort proved to be in conflict with Orthodox Jewish communities that were very successful in attracting government funds for students. An investigation byThe Jewish Daily Forward showed that each year, tens of millions of dollars in federalPell Grants go toyeshivas, which typically focus onTalmud study rather than secular subjects. For 2010, 63 of the 152 religious institutions that received Pell Grants were Jewish, the data shows. The Jewish schools received 53% of the $84.5 million in Pell Grant money that went to religious schools in 2010. Of the top ten Pell Grant recipients in dollar terms in 2010, six were yeshivas.^[25]

In 2013, the board restructured the organization; since then, it has been working on incorporating new missions that are relevant to the times. Today, the AJCongress primarily focuses on the following challenges: strengthening the bond between the U.S. andIsrael; combating domestic and globalanti-Semitism; combating theBDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions) movement; preventing anuclear Iran; and promoting cooperation and trade between Israel and countries around the world.^{[citation needed]}

Among its major programs are the International Mayors Conference, where the organization brings over 30 mayors from around the world to promoteIsrael back in their cities. Past participants includeMayor of New York CityBill de Blasio,President of ArgentinaMauricio Macri,Premier of TaiwanWilliam Lai, and formerPrime Minister of ItalyMatteo Renzi.^{[citation needed]}

The organization opposes theBDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions) movement and asserts that fighting BDS is not only a struggle against anti-Israel activities, but a human rights issue as well.^[26] To make decision makers more accessible to theJewish community, the organization created the 500 Club and executive briefing meetings and conference calls with the decision makers and members of the Jewish community.^[27]

In May 2019, the AJCongress launched the"Jewish Guide to U.S Politics", a virtual resource summarizing the stances of U.S. senators and candidates in the2020 U.S. presidential race on issues related to theAmerican Jewish community andIsrael.^[28][29] The AJCongress also created the Club 500, an executive speaking series which connects decision makers from around the world with members of the Jewish community via phone briefings.^[30]

In 2019, the AJCongress spent 32.1% of its expenses on programs and 60.4% on administration, scoring 24% for its financial accountability.^[31]

The AJ Congress has been involved in hundreds ofcivil rights andreligious freedoms cases before local and federal courts and theUnited States Supreme Court.Brown v. Board of Education^[32] gave the AJCongress its public entrée into the field ofConstitutional defense agencies.^{[citation needed]}

The group advocates for removing religious symbols from public life, and thus filed a brief against allowing public displays of themenorah duringHanukkah inCounty of Allegheny v. ACLU.^{[citation needed]}

The AJC founded its Women's Division in 1933. It operated for approximately fifty years before it was discontinued as a separate section; the organization subsequently continued its support for women's rights andfeminist perspectives under the auspices of the Commission for Women's Equality (CWE), which was established in 1984.^[33]

The CWE has turned its attention to the ethical, legal, and medical issues arising from research revealing thatAshkenazi Jewish women have higher-than-average frequencies of gene mutations predisposing them tobreast andovarian cancer.^{[citation needed]}

In 1988, AJCongress hosted "The First International Jewish Feminist Conference: The Empowerment of Women" in Israel to address women's rights. More than 600 Jewish women from around the world attended, including former CongresswomanBella Abzug andBetty Friedan. Some of the attendees visited theKotel (Western Wall), Torah in hand and found that they were not allowed to pray in their fashion because of Orthodox restrictions on women wearing religious items, singing or reading Torah. A movement began, now known around the world asWomen of the Wall, headed byAnat Hoffman. Polls show that in Israel "64 percent of the secular public, 53 percent of the traditional non-religious public, and 26 percent of the traditional-religious public support the group,Women of the Wall, and their quest to pray at the Kotel in their fashion. But their cause was unanimously rejected by the poll's ultra-Orthodox respondents", according toThe Algemeiner.^{[34][failed verification]}

The CWE most recently held a major women's conference inTel Aviv, Israel, in May 2006, bringing notable women of achievement likeAnne F. Lewis;Lynn Sherr, anchor for ABC's20/20;Irshad Manji, author ofThe Trouble with Islam;Bettina Plevan, partner atProskauer Rose and former head of theNew York City Bar Association; and others to a weeklong discussion on women's accomplishment and success.^[35][36]Carole E. Handler was the CWE's most recent chair.

Fear of being accused of Communism led the AJCongress to dissociate themselves from Jewish Communists and leftists during theSecond Red Scare. Major Jewish organizations at the time advocated their expulsion from the Jewish community, collaborated with security agencies, supported the execution ofJulius and Ethel Rosenberg, and discouraged other Jewish organizations from supporting theRosenberg Committee.^[37] In 1953, theNational Community Relations Advisory Council, which included the AJCongress, released a statement criticizing the Rosenberg Committee for allegedly causing public panic over antisemitism within the Jewish community.^[38] Stuart Svonkin, author ofJews Against Prejudice, argued that the involvement of the AJCongress and other Jewish groups withMcCarthyism undermined these groups' otherwise support for civil liberties. However, the AJCongress cooperated with McCarthyism to a lesser extent than the AJC and the ADL.^[39]

During the 1940s, the AJCongress strongly urged the Jewish establishment to distance itself fromJewish People's Fraternal Order and the American Jewish Labor Council. The AJCongress voted to expel both groups on June 7, 1949.^{[40][41][42][43]}

In the fall of 2007, the AJCongress announced that it had retained the services of RabbiIsrael Singer,^[44] the former secretary-general of theWorld Jewish Congress – who left the agency after claims of financial irregularities were levied following aninvestigation by New York State Attorney GeneralEliot Spitzer^[45] and followed up by accusations from then-WJC PresidentEdgar Bronfman^[46] about alleged theft.

On January 10, 2008, the AJCongress released an official statement^[47] critical ofMs. magazine's refusal to accept a full-page advertisement^[48] honoring three prominentIsraeli women:Dorit Beinisch (then-president of theSupreme Court of Israel),Tzipi Livni (then-minister of Foreign Affairs of Israel), andDalia Itzik (then-speaker of theKnesset). The AJCongress press release states:"'What other conclusion can we reach,' askedRichard Gordon, President of AJCongress, 'except that the publishers − and if the publishers are right, a significant number of Ms. Magazine readers − are so hostile to Israel that they do not even want to see an ad that says something positive about Israel?' ... 'Clearly Ms. has changed a great deal from the days when AJCongress members and leaders of the AJCongress' Commission for Women's Equality − includingBetty Friedan,Bella Abzug and Ms. co-founderLetty Pogrebin − were at the forefront of the Women's Movement that led to the creation of Ms. Magazine.'"^[47]

Katherine Spillar, executive editor ofMs. magazine, responded to the AJCongress onMs. magazine's website, denying an anti-Israel bias, stating that: "Ms. Magazine has been criticized for not running an ad submitted by the American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) featuring the photographs of three prominent Israeli women leaders with the statement 'This is Israel.'" She argued that the proposed advertisement was inconsistent with the magazine's policy to accept only "mission-driven advertisements from primarily non-profit, non-partisan organizations", suggesting that the advertisement could have been perceived "as favoring certain political parties within Israel over other parties, but also with its slogan 'This is Israel,' the ad implied that women in Israel hold equal positions of power with men." Spillar stated that the magazine had "covered the Israeli feminist movement and women leaders in Israel ... eleven times" in the last four years.^{[citation needed]}

The AJCongress, which had already been publishingReligion and the Public Schools: A Summary of the Law with the name of attorney Marc D. Stern on the cover,^[49] adapted it to a "looseleaf form and expanding its distribution" in 1993. Stern served as assistant executive director of AJCongress^[50][51][52] and subsequently became general counsel ofthe AJC^[53]

• Congress Weekly
• Lillie Shultz

• Official website

• American Jewish Congress
• 1918 establishments in the United States
• Charities based in New York City
• Jewish-American political organizations
• Jewish organizations established in 1918
• The Holocaust and the United States
• Zionist organizations in the United States

• CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
• Webarchive template wayback links
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use mdy dates from February 2025
• Pages using infobox mapframe with missing coordinates
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023
• All articles lacking reliable references
• Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023
• Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024
• Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025
• All articles with failed verification
• Articles with failed verification from April 2021