Ambonese Malay or simplyAmbonese is aMalay-basedcreole language spoken onAmbon Island in theMaluku Islands ofEastern Indonesia. It was first brought by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed when theDutch Empirecolonised theMaluku Islands and was used as a tool bymissionaries in Eastern Indonesia. Malay has been taught in schools and churches in Ambon, and because of this it has become alingua franca in Ambon and its surroundings.

Christian speakers use Ambonese Malay as theirmother tongue, while Muslims speak it as a second language as they have their own language. Muslims on Ambon Island particularly live in several areas in the city ofAmbon, dominant in the Salahutu and Leihitu Peninsulas. While in theLease Islands, the Christian Ambonese-speaking community is dominant in parts ofHaruku,Saparua andNusa Laut islands. Ambonese Malay has also become lingua franca inBuru,Seram, Geser-Gorom and the south-western Maluku Islands, though with different accents.

While originally derived from Malay, Ambonese Malay has been heavily influenced by European languages (Dutch and Portuguese) as well as the vocabularies or grammatical structures of indigenous languages. Muslims and Christian speakers tend to make different choices in vocabulary.Papuan Malay, a Malay creole spoken in the Indonesian part ofNew Guinea, is closely related to Ambonese Malay and is said to be a derivative of Ambonese Malay orManado Malay or a mixture of both. According to Robert B. Allen and Rika Hayami-Allen, the eastern Indonesian forms of Malay have their roots inNorth Moluccan Malay.^[2]

In Ambonese Malay, personalpronouns typically have a full form, as well as another one or more shortened and/or variant forms.^[3] The pronouns vary in terms ofnumber - singular and plural, as well asclusivity, such as exclusive forms which exclude the addressee and inclusive forms which include the addressee. Such distinction is relatively typical ofAustronesian languages. The following table provides a summary of all the pronouns found in Ambonese Malay:

A number of observations can be made from the pronouns of Ambonese Malay which demonstrate etymology of certain pronouns:

1. A number of pronouns are historically compounded. They are:
   • Bat'ong: Derives frombeta 'I (1SG) +orang 'people; man'^[3]
   • Kat'ong: Derives from *kita 'we (1PL) +orang 'people; man'^[3]
   • Dorang: Derives fromdia 'he; she; it (3SG) +orang 'people; man'^[3]
2. The 2nd person singular formose is derived from thePortuguese pronounvoce, meaning 'you; thou'.^[3]
3. The 2nd person singular formale is derived from a vernacular language.^[3]

Similarly to other Austronesian languages, such asMalay andIndonesian, the 2nd person singular and one of the 3rd person singular pronouns in Ambonese Malay vary in their degree of politeness. They are summarised in the following table:^[3]

It is also important to note that although in Ambonese the 1st person singular formbeta is the standard form, in Classical Malay, it is used only by royal persons speaking to equals of rank.^[3]

As previously mentioned, Ambonese pronouns consist of a full and one or more variant form. Full forms occur in every syntactic position. Variant form have a more restricted distribution and may be functionally different.^[3] The following table summarises the set of full personal pronouns plus (in brackets) their variant forms according to context and syntactic function:

From this table it follows that two factors determine whether a personal pronoun can be shortened: syntactic construction and syntactic position:

• Except for the first person singularbeta, first person pluralkat'ong and third person singulardia, all pronouns can be shortened in one-word sentences. Third person singular neuterakang cannot form a one-word sentence altogether.^[3]
• In clauses all personal pronouns in Subject position may be shortened, except for third person singular neutralakang.^[3]
• In clauses all personal pronouns in Object position may be shortened, except for first person singularbeta, first person pluralkat'ong, second personale and third person singulardia.^[3]
• Likewise, as preposition object all personal pronouns except forbeta,ale,kat'ong anddia may be shortened.^[3]

These facts show thatse,os 'you',dong 'you',ont'o, ant'o, ant'u 'he; she' anddong 'they' have developed into doublets which are functionally (but not semantically) on a par with their full forms, while other short forms (bet, al, kang, ang) are phonological variants with a more restricted distribution.^[3]

It is also important to note a number of syntactic variations within the functions of personal pronouns in Ambonese:

1) The 3rd person singledia 's/he; it' can be shortened todi orde when it is in Subject position, or when it is head of a Noun Phrase (NP) in object position.^[3]

2) The 3rd person singleantua (andangtua, ontua, ongtua) is also a modifier of head nominals in a phrase, thereby adding an aspect of deference. It adds a feature respect.^[3]

3) The third form,akang, is a neater pronoun 'it', which also functions as a determiner. This form links up with the demonstrativesini anditu for deictic reference: it occurs as a single attribute before nouns, and in combination with postnominaltu.

4) The short form ofdorang, which isdong, also functions as a modifier in NPs to create collective plurals.^[3]

Reduplication with personal pronouns is not frequent. The following examples denote a concept "referent of pronoun plus persons who are alike":^[3]

Ambonese Malay is a SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Its basic word order has the subject in initial position, followed by the verb and then the object, as shown below. 'Subject, verb, object' are labelled 'S, V, O' respectively:

Negation in Ambonese is sentential rather than constituent. Negation is predominantly expressed by five free morphemes that are treated as adverbs, modifying predicates, clauses or parts of the sentence as opposed to specific elements (such as single verbs or nominals). These morphemes are listed below alongside their common variants and English equivalents:

• seng ‘no, not’
• tar (tra) ‘no, not’
• bal’ong (blong) ‘not yet’
• bukang ‘no, not’
• jangang (jang) ‘don’t’.^[5]

Constituent order

Ambonese negators are typically positioned between the subject and the VO-group. This word order is typical of SVO languages.^[5] In the following example, the subject pronounde precedes the negatorseng (represented here assem), and the verb group headed by the verbbisa follows it.

1. All negators excepttar/tra can be used as one-word sentences in response to a Yes-No question.^[7]
2. All negators exceptjangang/jang can be used in declarative and interrogative sentence types.
3. Onlyjangang/jang can be used in an imperative sentence.

These features will be explored in greater detail below.

Seng is the most commonly used negator.

Although Ambonese generally operates on the premise of sentential negation,seng can be used in a marked word order to narrow the scope of negation to single verbs or nominals.Seng moves rightwards in the clause, shifting the focus of negation to the word it immediately precedes. In the first example below,seng occurs in its default position between the subjectde and the verb group headed bykar'ja, modifying the verb groupkar'ja bat'ul in a general sense. In the second example,seng is integrated into the verb group itself, immediately preceding and placing the emphasis of negation on the verbal modifierbat'ul.

Seng also collocates with modal auxiliaryusa to express a lack of necessity:

Seng is also used with the reduplicated interrogative pronounapa, meaning 'what', in a fixed expression to denote 'nothing', or 'not anything':

Unlike all other Ambonese negators,tar/tra cannot form a one-word sentence. It is typically regarded as a marker of emphatic negation, and can be used alongsideseng and with reduplication to achieve even greater emphasis. In the example below,ampas is reduplicated, following both negatorsseng andtra.

Tar/tra also commonly collocates with:

• existential verbada 'be (somewhere)'
• bai 'good'
• modal auxiliarybole 'may, be allowed'

Bal'ong marks both negation and the phasal aspect 'yet', denoting 'not yet'.

Similar totar/tra it can also be used as a marker of emphatic negation alongside a reduplicated verb, as in the example below wherebal'ong co-occurs with the reduplicated verbpulang-pulang:

According to van Minde's research findings, bukang is the least commonly used negator in Ambonese Malay.^[12] It expresses a 'contrast which implies an alternative' -bukang X means 'not X (but on the contrary) Y)':^[12]

It may also occur in sentences with contrastive stress, combined with the use of 'higher pitch and articulatory strength'^[12] to articulate the constituents that are the focus of the negation. In the examples below, these specific constituents are capitalised to demonstrate prosodic emphasis:

Jangang does not occur in declarative or interrogative sentences but is used to express negative imperatives, as in the example below - 'don't go to China.'

It is also used in several 'short formulaic expressions':^[14]

In the above example, the particlelai is used in sentence-final position as an exclamative marker. However, it can also be used withseng,bal'ong, andjangang in non-exclamative sentences to denote, 'anymore; again', or 'still':

Ka combines with negatorsseng andbal'ong to form a sentence-final tag for interrogative sentences:

In the above example the tagka seng has converted a yes–no question "Are you angry?" into an alternative question "Are you angry, or not?"

Ambonese Malay has phonemicword stress, by which is meant that the position of stress within a word is unforeseeable (van Minde 1997, p. 21) . Van Minde (1997, p. 22) uses the term “lexically reduplicated morphemes” which means that both of the roots that compose the morpheme contain an important (e.g. stressed) syllable. However, in the case of duplicatedmonosyllables, neither of the roots are perceptible as regards stress. Each accent on the syllables will be marked even if the morpheme is made up of a duplicated monosyllable. The reason being is to differentiate them from morphemes that aremonomorphemic (van Minde 1997, p. 22). Examples of this would be (p. 22):

/g’igi/ ‘tooth’; /pomp’om/ in: /s’agu pomp’om/ k.o sago-cake roasted in cartridge-cases.

Compare the examples with the following (p. 23):

/’ eleK’ eleK/ ‘oil-lamp made from glass jar’; /t’omit’ omi/ k.o. cherry-like fruit.

Wordstress is the only different feature in a number ofminimal pairs (p. 23):

/b’acaŋ/ Bacan (island) - /bac’aŋ/ k.o. fruit

/p’araŋ/ ‘machete’ - /par’aŋ/ ‘war’

/t’are/ ‘to attract s.t.’ - /tar’e/ ‘tight

Ambonese contains 5vowel phonemes as illustrated in the chart (van Minde 1997, p. 24):

Ambonese Malay do not have phonemic glottal stop /ʔ/ but phonetically theglottal stop is noticed word-initially, morpheme-initially after a vowel, and morpheme-medially between like vowels (van Minde 1997, p. 24). Examples are (p. 24):

/’ose/ [ʔ’ ose] ‘you’

/baku’atur/ [baku#ʔ’atur] ‘to arrange with one another’

In addition, there might be borrowed words from other indigenous languages, there is individual variation, and [ʔ] is occasionally heard (van Minde 1997, p. 24):

/pa’isal/ [paʔ ‘isal] = [pa’isal] k.o. small proa;

/n’oul. [n’oʔul] = [n’oul] k.o. fish

Nasalised vowels happen expectedly before nasal consonants belonging to the same syllable. Due to this, van Minde considers nasalization as a “phonetic phenomenon”. He gave some examples as well (1997, pp. 24–25):

/’aNboŋ/ [ʔ’ām.bõŋ] ‘Ambon; Ambonese’

/kaNp’iNjaŋ/ [kãm.p’ĩñ.jãŋ] ‘churchbell’

Nasalisation is invalid past syllable-boundaries like for example (p. 24-25):

/an’ioŋ/ [ʔa.n’i.yõŋ] ‘rolled up cloth to support load carried on head’

/ba#’aNbur/ [ba. ʔ’āmbur] ‘to strew, scatter (repeatedly)

According to van Minde (1997, p. 25), the high front unrounded vowel /i/ is always perceived as [i], and it always take place in non-final and final closed and open syllables. /i/ in final syllables (whether they are open or closed) can be replaced by /e/ however this only applies in some polysyllabic morphemes. Though /i/ can be replaced by /e/, it does not work in reverse thus it can’t be said the conflict between these two phonemes is negated in that position and environment (van Minde 1997, p. 25).

Besides position and stress, further restrictions on the alternation /i ≈ e/ is given in twophonological rules (PR). The change in final unstressed syllables of polysyllabic morphemes is not attested in (van Minde, 1997 p. 25):

PR₁: final syllables ending in /s/;

PR₂: open final syllables when the penultimate syllable contains /u/ or /i/

Van Minde (1997, p. 25) regards /i/ as a ‘heavy phoneme’ wherever there is a change /i ~ e/, which means in environments that are different from those interpreted by PR₁ and PR₂. The definition of ‘heavy phoneme’ is defined as “consists of one or more optional distinctive features in addition to the basic distinctive features, whereas a basic phoneme consists of basic distinctive features only” (Ebeling 1967; Stokhof 1975). Van Minde deduces that /i/ is a heavy phoneme in environments excluded by PR₁ and PR₂; /e/ being its basic phoneme and [relative highness] is a voluntary feature. Examples are given in the following (p. 25):

/katiNd’isaŋ/ [katĩnd’isāŋ] ‘to talk or rave while sleep’

/ir/ [ʔir] ‘drunk’

• closed final syllables (p. 26):

/k’ukis/ [k’ukis *k’ukes] ‘biscuit’

/kac’il/ [kac’il *kac’el] ‘small’

• open final syllables (p. 26):

/p’uti/ [p’uti *p’ute] ‘white’

/h’ari ≈ h’are/ ‘day’

The mid front unrounded vowel /e/ is perceived as [e] (or [ē] due to nasalization). Examples are followed (p. 26):

/b’esi/ [b’esi] ‘iron/steel’

/b’erkaT/ [b’erkat-] ‘divine blessing’

The phonemic status of /e/ versus /i/ is attested by the followed minimal pairs (p. 26):

/’ina/ ‘mother’ - /’ena/ ‘tasty, delicious’

/p’ici/ ‘to peel’ - /p’eci/ ‘mud’

The examples illustrated distinctly that /i/ is resistant to /e/ in morpheme-final syllables, hence the change /i ≈ e/ in final syllables under the previous restrictions stated in the phonological rules cannot be clarified as neutralization (van Minde 1997, pp. 26–27).

The low central vowel in Ambonese Malay is perceived as [a] (or [ā] due to nasalization). Examples are followed (p. 27):

/’añer/ [ʔ’añer] ‘bad fishy smell’

/kal’apa/ [kal’apa] ‘coconut’

The minimal pairs attest the resistance between /a/ and /i/ (p. 27):

/s’atu/ ‘one’ - /s’itu/ ‘there’

/bal’a/ ‘to split s.t.’ - /bal’i/ ‘to buy s.t.’

The opposition between /a/ and /e/ is shown by the presented minimal pairs (p. 27):

/cak’a/ ‘to strangle s.o.’ - /cak’e/ ‘(vulg) to eat, stuff o.s.’

/b’aca/ ‘to read’ - /b’eca/ ‘pedicab’

/u/ happens in non-final and final closed and open position. This high back rounded vowel is always perceived as [u] (or [ũ] due to nasalization). However, /u/ in final unstressed syllables (whether open or closed) consistently alternates with /o/ when in certain polysyllabic morphemes (van Minde 1997, p. 27). In addition, not all /o/ in this position and environment alternates with /u/, thus these two phonemes are not balanced. According to van Minde (1997, p. 27), the change /u ≈ o/ in final unstressed syllables of polysyllabic morphemes is not proven in (p. 27):

PR₃: open final syllables when the penultimate syllable have /u/ or /i/

This situation is alike to the change between the high and mid front vowels /i ≈ e/, where /u/ is seen as a heavy phoneme, /o/ as the basic phoneme and [relative phoneme] is the optional feature. The following examples prove this assertion (p. 28):

/t’obu/ [t’obu] ≈ /t’obo/ [t’obo] ‘sugar cane’

/’uNpaŋ/ [ʔ’ ũmpãŋ] ‘bait’

• Closed final syllables (p. 28):

/c’aNpur ≈ c’aNpor/ ‘to mix’

/c’abuT ≈ c’aboT/ ‘let’s go!’

• Open final syllables (p. 29):

/tapar’egu ≈ tapar’ego/ ‘to do s.t. hurriedly’

/cap’atu ≈ cap’ato/ ‘shoe’

• Minimal pairs shown to the resistance between /u/ and /i/ (p. 29):

/k’utu/ ‘louse’ - /k’uti/ ‘snap’

/g’ula/ ‘sugar’ - /g’ila/ ‘mad’

• The resistance between /u/ and /e/ can be shown by (p. 29):

/b’ulaŋ/ ‘moon, month’- /b’elaŋ/ in: /aruNb’ aI b’elaŋ/ k.o. large proa

The resistance between /u/ and /a/ is attested by:

/’uru/ ‘to massage’ – /’aru/ ‘Aru Islands’

The mid back rounded vowel /o/ is seen as [o] (or [õ] due to nasalization). Examples are followed (p. 29):

/’oraŋ/ [‘orãŋ] ‘man, human being’

/b’odo/ [b’odo] ‘stupid’

• The minimal pair show the phoneme status of /o/ vis-à-vis /i/ (p. 30):

/b’oŋko/ ‘bowed (of persons)’ – /b’eŋko/ ‘bend sideways (of persons)’

• The phoneme status of /o/ against /a/ is shown by (p. 30):

/kat’oŋ/ ‘we’ - /kat’ aŋ/ ‘crab’

• The resistance between /o/ and /u/ is proven by (p. 30):

/h’ori/ ‘to wander about’ – /h’uri/ ‘having lost its original shape’

Archiphoneme /U/ is proposed in unstressed position after a vowel other than /u/ and instantly before a syllable or morpheme boundary by van Minde (1997). This is because there isno opposition between /u/ and /w/ in this environment (p. 31):

/l’aUtaŋ/ [l’autãŋ] ‘deep-sea’

The second reason proposed by van Minde (1997, p. 32) is that/U/ occurs after a consonant and directly before a stressed vowel (p. 32):

/bU’aya/ [bu’aya] ‘crocodile’

Nevertheless,not every pattern /Cw’V/ is collateral by a sequence /CU’V/ (p. 32):

/swaK/ [swak-] ‘weak, feeble’

This results from the neutralization of the resistance /i/-/y/ in unstressed position after a vowel or instantly before a stressed vowel (p. 32):

/m’uI/ [m’ui, muy] ‘aunt’

• Van Minde (1997, p. 32) showed some examples of/I/ before a stressed vowel:

/I’a/ [I’a, iy’a] ‘yes (formal)’

/bI’asa/ [bi’asa] ‘normal, usual’

• The resistance of /i/ and /y/ is shown by (p. 33):

/t’iU/ [t’iyu] ‘uncle’

There are19consonants phonemes and4 consonantarchiphonemes in Ambonese Malay and they are charted below (van Minde 1997, pp. 40–41):

These archiphonemes is a consequence from the neutralization of the opposition between /p/- /b/, /t/-/d/, and /k/-/g/ respectively in two positions and under certain conditions (van Minde 1997, p. 40):

1. Frequency of /P, T, K/ is especially high in word-final position. Most words with /P, T, K/ in this position are borrowed words from Dutch (van Minde 1997, p. 41). This is due to the many words of Malay origin to have lost final stops *p, *t, *k, or *ʔ. Example:*tutup > tutu ‘to close’.

Wordfinally the archiphonemes /P, T, K/ have a voiceless unreleased realization. Examples are shown (p. 41):

/keP/ [kep-] ‘notch, nick’ (<Dukeep)

/’aNbaK/ [ʔ’ãmbak-] ‘character, habit’

A significant number of polysyllabic words with non-final stress have a doublet without final /P, T, K/ in non emphatic speech (p. 41):

/r’unuT ≈ runu/ ‘fibroid material growing on palm trees’

In addition, van Minde (1997, p. 42) states that /P, T, K/ are “heavy archiphonemes” in this position and environment.

2. The archiphonemes /P, T, K/ have a voiceless unreleased realization in syllable-final position right before a stop, a nasal, fricative /s/, or the lateral /l/. Example is shown (p. 42):

/b’aKso/ [b’ak-so] ‘(Chinese) meatball’

Archiphoneme /N/ is also developed from the neutralization of the opposition between /m, n, ñ/ and /ŋ/ before their own homorgonaic obstruents /l/ (van Minde 1997, p. 42). Example is followed (p. 42):

/naNl’ohi/ [nãnl’ohi] Nanlohi (clan name)

Thevoiceless and voiced stops of the series /p, b, t, d, c, j, k, g/ are found in word-medial position and word-initial. /p, b/ are bilabials, /d/ is an apico-alveolar, /c, j/ are laminal-palatals, /t/ is an apico-alveodental, /k, g/ are dorsal-velars. Relevant (near) minimal pairs are shown below (van Minde 1997, pp. 43–44):

• p: b /t’aNpa/ ‘place stop’; /t’aNba/ ‘to add s.t.’
• p: t /p’aku/ ‘nail’; /t’aku/ ‘afraid’
• p:d /b’apa/ ‘term of address’; /bad’a/ ‘skin powder’
• p:c /p’ipi/ ‘cheek’; /p’ici/ ‘to give money’
• p:j /p’ari/ ‘ray (fish)’; /j’ari/ ‘finger’
• p:k /p’ele/ ‘to obstruct’; /k’ele/ ‘to press under arm’
• p:g /p’araŋ/ ‘machete’; /g’araŋ/ ‘salt’
• b:t /b’aru/ ‘new’; /t’aru/ ‘to place’
• b:d /b’apa/ ‘term of address’; /d’apa/ ‘to obtain’
• b:c /b’ole/ ‘may’; /c’ole/ ‘bodice’
• b:j /b’aNbaŋ/ ‘to warn’; /j’aNbaŋ/ ‘beard’
• b:k /b’ore/ ‘poisonous extract’; /k’ore/ ‘to fumble’
• b:g /b’aru/ ‘new’; /g’aru/ ‘to scratch’
• t:d /t’ulaŋ/ ‘bone’; /d’ulaŋ/ ‘wooden tray’
• t:c /t’ari/ ‘dance’; /c’ari/ ‘to search’
• t:j /t’ari/ ‘dance’; /j’ari/ ‘finger’
• t:k /t’anaŋ/ ‘to plant’; /k’anaŋ/ ‘right (side)’
• t:g /t’ali/ ‘rope’; /g’ali/ ‘to dig’
• d:c /d’aro/ ‘from’; /c’ari/ ‘to search’
• d:j /d’aro/ ‘from’; /j’ari/ ‘finger’
• d:k /d’aki/ ‘dirt’; /k’aki/ ‘foot’
• d:g /d’oti/ ‘to work magic’; /g’oti/ ‘trough for preparing sago’
• c:g /c’ari/ ‘search’; /j’ari/ ‘finger
• c:k /coK/ ‘choke’; /koK/ ‘owl’
• c:g /c’ili/ ‘chili’; /g’ilig’ili/ ‘tickle’
• j:k /j’aNji/ ‘to agree’; /k’aNji/ ‘starch’
• j:g /j’aga/ ‘to keep watch’; /g’aga/ ‘beautiful’
• k:g /k’araŋ/ ‘coral’; /g’araŋ/ ‘salt’

In certain lexical items there is an unexplained change between the voiceless stop and its homorganic voiced counterpart (van Minde 1997, p. 44):

/cigulu/ = /jigulu/ ‘riddle’

The nasals /m, n, ñ, ŋ/ are separated on the basis of the following (near-) minimal pairs (van Minde 1997, pp. 44–45):

• m:n /m’ani/ ‘bead’; /n’ani/ ‘bamboo hoe’
• m:ñ /m’adu/ ‘honey’; /ñ’adu/ ‘brother/sister in-law’
• m:ŋ /m’ana/ ‘where’; /ŋ’ana/ ‘(inter.) gee!’
• n:ñ /ne/ in /b’ubur ne/ k.o. porridge; /ñe/ in” /m’uka m’acaŋ ñe/ ‘look disappointed’
• m:ŋ /’ina/ ‘mother’; /’iŋa/ ‘to remember’
• ñ:ŋ /t’aña/ ‘to ask’; /t’eŋa/ ‘middle’

The prevalence and functional load of these nasal contrasts differently. They take place word-initially and word-medially before vowels. However, in the environment of word-initially, the functional load of /ñ/ and /ŋ/ is low. Examples are shown (van Minde 1997, p. 45):

/ñ’amu/ [ñ’amu] ‘mosquito’

/ñoŋ/ [ñõŋ] ‘term of address for boys’

In morpheme-final position, nasals other than /ŋ/ are barely proven and thus van Minde (1997, p. 46) finds it hard to find minimal pairs that are different in morpheme-final nasal phoneme.

The labio-dentalfricative /f/ takes place only in borrowed words and in words of unknown origin. Examples are shown (van Minde 1997, p. 46):

/f’ader/ [f’ader] ‘term of address for men’

The alveolar fricative /s/ happens in word-initial, -medial, and –final position. Examples are shown (p. 47):

/saw’aI/ [saw’ai] ‘awry’

/rab’us/ [rab’us] ‘to boil’

The glottal fricative /h/ takes place word-medially and word-initially. However, in the use of interjections such as /ih/ ‘Hey!’ and /ah/ ‘Oh no!’- /h/ occur word-finally (van Minde 1997, p. 47) .

Also, word-medial /h/ is optional in certain words; when /h/ is removed between like vowels, one of the two adjacent vowel segments is also deleted. Examples are illustrated below (p. 47):

/bah’asa/ ≈ /basa/ ‘language’

/mas’ohi/ ≈ /mas’oI/ ‘mutual aid’

The liquids /l/ and /r/ take place in word-initial, -medial, -final position, just like thealveolar fricative /s/. Example is shown (van Minde 1997, p. 48):

/t’ari/ [t’ari] ‘dance’

Thesemivowels /w/ and /y/ happen in word-initial and word-medial position before a vowel. Example are shown below (van Minde 1997, p. 48):

/hay’al/ [hay’al] ‘to flirt’

/kal’uyu/ [kal’uyu] ‘shark’

Examples:

• Beta pung nama Ahmad = My name is Ahmed
• Ose su tau Ahmad pung maitua? = Do you know Ahmed's wife?
• Jang bakudapa deng dia dolo, dia ada gagartang deng ose = Don't meet with him for a moment, he's angry with you.
• Susi dong pung kaka mo pi kamari = Susi's brother will come
• Ini beta kasi akang voor ose = This is for you.
• Ale badiang jua, beta cumang mo tipu-tipu. Tuang Ala = Shut up, I am just tricking them. god! ('god!' as in swearing. eg. 'jesus christ!)
• Beta seng tau = I don't know

Ambonese word samples:

• Beta = I
• Ose, Ale = you (ose is derived from the Portuguesevoce)
• Dia = he, she
• Akang = (may) it
• Katong = we (cut fromkita orang)
• Dong = they (cut fromdia orang)
• Kamong,kamorang = you (pl) (cut fromkamu orang)
• Antua = he, she (respectful form)
• iyo = yes
• seng = no
• bakubae = peace
• nanaku = pay attention to something
• su = already (indicating something has already happened or has been done)

• North Moluccan Malay
• Papuan Malay
• Serui Malay

• Ethnologue. (2015). Malay, Ambonese. Retrieved 8 May 2015, fromhttps://www.ethnologue.com/language/abs
• Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ambonese Malay". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• Van Minde, D. (1997). Malayu Ambong. Leiden, the Netherlands: Research School CNWS.

• Materials on Ambonese Malay are included in the open accessArthur Capell collection (AC1) held byParadisec.

Ambonese Malay test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

• Languages of Indonesia
• Malay-based pidgins and creoles

• Pages containing links to subscription-only content
• Language articles citing Ethnologue 18
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Language articles with old Ethnologue 18 speaker data
• Pages with interlinear glosses using more than three unnamed parameters