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Amateur radio operator

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Operator of radio waves

NASA astronaut Col.Doug Wheelock, KF5BOC,Expedition 24 flight engineer, operates the NA1SS ham radio station in theZvezda Service Module of theInternational Space Station. Equipment is aKenwood TM-D700E transceiver.

Anamateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at anamateur radio station to engage intwo-way personal communications with other amateur operators onradio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted anamateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned acall sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.^[1]

Amateur radio operators are also known asradio amateurs orhams.The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy.^[2]^[3] The word was subsequently^[when?] adopted by amateur radio operators.^{[citation needed]}

Demographics

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Country	Number of amateur radio operators	% population	Year of Report	Source
United States	748,519	0.223	2024	^[4]
Japan	381,899	0.304	2021	^[5]
Thailand	101,763	0.147	2018	^[6]
China	240,000	0.017	2024	^[7]
Germany	63,070	0.073	2019	^[8]
Canada	70,198	0.187	2018	^[9]
Spain	58,700	0.127	1999	^[6]
United Kingdom	75,660	0.114	2018	^[10]
South Korea	42,632	0.082	2012	^[11]
Russia	38,000	0.026	1993	^[6]
Brazil	32,053	0.016	1997	^[6]
Turkey	32,000	0.037	2023	^[12]
Italy	30,000	0.049	1993	^[6]
Indonesia	27,815	0.011	1997	^[6]
France	13,500	0.019	2022	^[13]
Ukraine	17,265	0.037	2000	^[6]
Argentina	16,889	0.042	1999	^[6]
Poland	15,805	0.041	2024	^[14]
Australia	15,448	0.060	2023	^[15]
India	15,679	0.001	2000	^[6]
Sweden	12,790	0.113	2023	^[16]
Netherlands	12,582	0.07	2018	^[17]
Malaysia	11,273	0.03	2023	^[6]
Denmark	9,079	0.152	2022	^[18]
Slovenia	6,500	0.317	2000	^[6]
Austria	6,930	0.077	2022	^[19]
New Zealand	6,000	0.12	1994	^[6]
South Africa	6,000	0.012	1994	^[6]
Norway	6,818	0.125	2022	^[20]
Czech Republic	5,332	0.05	2023	^[21]
Portugal	5,116	0.051	2023
Finland	5,000	0.090	2016	^[22]
Serbia	3,962	0.056	2020	^[23]
Romania	3,527	0.018	2017	^[24]
Hungary	3,234	0.033	2023	^[25]
Ireland	1,945	0.039	2020	^[26]^[27]
Slovakia	1,745	0.032	2023	^[28]
Estonia	700	0.052	2020

Few governments maintain detailed demographic statistics of their amateur radio operator populations, aside from recording the total number of licensed operators. The majority of amateur radio operators worldwide reside in theUnited States,Japan, and the nations ofEast Asia,North America, andEurope. The top five countries by percentage of the population areSlovenia,Japan, theUnited States,Canada, andDenmark. Only the governments ofYemen andNorth Korea currently prohibit theircitizens from becoming amateur radio operators. Although not officially outlawed, it is effectively impossible to become licensed inEritrea as well, and there are no licensed operators in Eritrea. There are also very few if any operators inTurkmenistan andMyanmar. In other countries, acquiring an amateur radio license is difficult because of thebureaucratic processes or fees that place access to a license out of reach for most citizens. Most nations permit foreign nationals to earn an amateur radio license, but very few amateur radio operators are licensed in multiple countries.^{[citation needed]}

Gender

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In the vast majority of countries, the population of amateur radio operators is predominantlymale. InChina, 12% of amateur radio operators are women,^[29] while approximately 15% of amateur radio operators in the United States are women.^[30] TheYoung Ladies Radio League is an international organization of female amateur radio operators.^{[citation needed]}

A male amateur radio operator can be referred to as an OM, an abbreviation used inMorse code telegraphy for "old man", regardless of the operator's age. A single female amateur radio operator can be referred to as a YL, from the abbreviation used for "young lady", regardless of the operator's age. A licensed married female is sometimes referred to as an XYL. The term "XYL" also often means the wife of a licensed amateur oprator, whether or not she is herself licensed.

Age

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Most countries do not have a minimum age requirement in order to earn an amateur radio license and become an amateur radio operator. Although the number of amateur radio operators in many countries increases from year to year,^{[citation needed]} the average age of amateur radio operators is relatively high. In some countries, the average age is 68 years old.^{[citation needed]}

The unfavourable age distribution has led to a slow decrease in amateur operator numbers in most industrialised countries due to attrition, but in countries which do not apply yearly licence fees, the effects are not immediately noticed. It has been estimated from German statistics, which are considered the most reliable, that the net decrease currently is in the order of 1 to 1.5% per year.^{[citation needed]} The average age of most amateur radio operators is approaching 70 in most European countries.^{[citation needed]}

Some national radio societies have responded to the aging ham population by developing programs specifically to encourage youth participation inamateur radio, such as theAmerican Radio Relay League's Amateur Radio Education and Technology Program.^[31] TheWorld Wide Young Contesters organization promotes youth involvement, particularly among Europeans, in competitive radiocontesting. A strong tie also exists between the amateur radio community and theScouting movement to introduce radio technology to youth.WOSM's annualJamboree On The Air is Scouting's largest activity, with a half million Scouts and Guides speaking with each other using amateur radio each October.^[32]

US amateurs by state

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State	Total	%	Rank	Club
AA	4	0.00	59	0
AE	157	0.02	56	0
AK	3847	0.46	45	80
AL	13228	1.59	22	244
AP	144	0.02	57	1
AR	8914	1.07	31	129
AS	25	0.00	58	3
AZ	22166	2.78	12	249
CA	115787	13.93	1	1528
CO	20369	2.45	16	222
CT	8178	0.98	32	188
DC	587	0.07	52	54
DE	1930	0.23	50	38
FL	46856	5.64	3	610
GA	20650	2.48	14	390
GU	334	0.04	54	13
HI	4386	0.53	43	117
IA	6993	0.84	35	119
ID	10404	1.25	28	85
IL	21467	2.58	13	367
IN	16798	2.02	18	303
KS	7953	0.96	33	143
KY	10376	1.25	29	147
LA	6823	0.82	37	166
MA	14641	1.76	21	272
MD	12139	1.46	25	184
ME	4980	0.60	41	81
MI	22834	2.75	9	375
MN	12520	1.51	23	185
MO	16699	2.01	19	262
MP	353	0.04	53	18
MS	5849	0.70	39	131
MT	4450	0.54	42	63
NC	23549	2.83	8	337
ND	1729	0.21	51	53
NE	4083	0.49	44	81
NH	6035	0.73	38	112
NJ	14834	1.78	20	295
NM	7237	0.87	34	131
NV	8918	1.07	30	112
NY	29588	3.56	6	531
OH	30148	3.63	5	511
OK	10701	1.29	27	152
OR	22242	2.68	10	354
PA	26132	3.14	7	437
PR	5117	0.62	40	108
RI	2143	0.26	48	71
SC	10844	1.30	26	147
SD	2122	0.26	49	33
TN	20416	2.46	15	261
TX	58415	7.03	2	737
UT	19513	2.35	17	116
VA	22217	2.67	11	298
VI	298	0.04	55	27
VT	2307	0.28	46	59
WA	37494	4.51	4	515
WI	12178	1.47	24	215
WV	6854	0.82	36	78
WY	2281	0.27	47	37

NOTE:^[33]
AA..US Armed Forces Americas
AE..US Armed Forces Africa/Canada/Europe/Middle East
AP..US Armed Forces Pacific
AS..American Samoa
GU..Guam
MP..Mariana Islands
PR..Puerto Rico
VI..US Virgin Islands

Canadian amateurs by province

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Province	Total	Rank
AB	7700	4
NL	1473	10
ON	23270	1
YT	214	12
BC	18827	3
NS	2647	5
PE	311	11
ZZ	1774	7
MB	2161	6
NT	95	13
QC	19039	2
NB	1688	8
NU	28	14
SK	1624	9

NOTE:^[33]
ZZ..Canadian amateurs outside of Canada

Silent Key

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When referring to a person, the phrase Silent Key, and its abbreviation SK, is a euphemism for an amateur radio operator who is deceased.^[34] Theprocedural signal "SK" (or "VA") has historically been used inMorse code as the last signal sent from a station before ending operation,^[35] usually just before shutting off the transmitter. Since this was the last signal received by other operators, the code was adopted to refer to any amateur radio operator who is deceased, regardless of whether they were known to have used telegraphy in their communications.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

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An operator workingHF
An operator workingHF
Amateur Radio station equipped for reception ofVLF signals.
Amateur radio students

Notable amateur radio operators

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This article's list of peoplemay not follow Wikipedia'sverifiability policy. Pleaseimprove this article by removing names that do not have independentreliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this articleand are members of this list, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriatecitations.(October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

References

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^"Triennial Report from KARL".iaru-r3.org. Archived fromthe original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved4 November 2012.
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^REF preliminary callsign statistics
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^SSA callsign statistics published in QTC 11/2023
^Agentschap Telecom - Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat"Staat van de Ether 2018". Archived fromthe original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved23 October 2019.
^"Energistyrelsen Frekvensregister".frekvensregister.ens.dk.Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved15 May 2022.
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^Nkom callsign statistics
^"Individual licenses and call signs of Radio Amateur Service stations".ctu.cz.Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved21 September 2023.
^"Mitä radioamatööritoiminta on?".SRAL.fi. Archived fromthe original on 1 June 2004. Retrieved6 March 2016.
^"YU Amateur Radio Call Book".yu1srs.org.rs.Archived from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved30 March 2020.
^"ANCOM Callbook Radioamatori".ancom.org.ro.Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved11 January 2018.
^"call_sign_book.xml".nmhh.hu.Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved28 March 2023.
^"COMREG Licensing Database".www.comreg.ie. 7 March 2016.Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved18 April 2021.
^"Population and Migration Estimates April 2020 - CSO - Central Statistics Office".www.cso.ie. 20 August 2020.Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved18 April 2021.
^"List of Slovakia Radio Amateur call signs".teleoff.gov.sk. Archived fromthe original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved21 September 2023.
^Chinese Radio Sports Association (2004)."The Current Status of Amateur Radio in the Mainland of China".Proceedings of the International Amateur Radio Union's Region 3 Twelfth Regional Conference. Document No. 04/XII/057. Archived fromthe original on 6 March 2006. Retrieved2 June 2006.
^Harker, Kenneth E (15 March 2005)."A Study of Amateur Radio Gender Demographics".ARRL.org. Archived fromthe original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved13 July 2007.
^"The ARRL Amateur Radio Education & Technology Program".ARRL.org.Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved13 July 2007.
^"All about JOTA".Scout.org. September 2006. Archived fromthe original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved30 April 2008.
^^a ^bAmateurs by State generates a SSL_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION error message
^"Reporting a Silent Key". Amateur Radio Relay League.Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved6 January 2017.
^"CW Operating Aids". AC6V. Archived fromthe original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved6 January 2017.
^"David Packard and Amateur Radio"(PDF). Stanford University.Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved15 September 2021.
^"List"(PDF).ariss.org.Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved25 June 2023.
^"ULS License - Vanity License - K6FLM - Maytag, Frederick L".Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved30 April 2022.

External links

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Amateur radio reference guide - Technical specifications and manuals

Amateur radio

Activities

Culture

Governance

Modes of communication

Voice	AM DSB-SC ISB SSB AME FM PM
Television	ATV SSTV
Data/Digital	CW ALE AMTOR D-STAR DAPNET EchoLink FT8 Hellschreiber DMT MFSK Packet radio (APRS) PACTOR PSK RTTY Spread spectrum C4FM WIRES-X DMR