| Amanita verna | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Amanitaceae |
| Genus: | Amanita |
| Species: | A. verna |
| Binomial name | |
| Amanita verna | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Amanita verna | |
|---|---|
 | Gills onhymenium |
  | Cap isconvex orflat |
 | Hymenium isfree |
 | Stipe has aring andvolva |
 | Spore print iswhite |
 | Ecology ismycorrhizal |
 | Edibility isdeadly |
Amanita verna, commonly known as thefool's mushroom or thespring destroying angel (seedestroying angel),[2] is a deadlypoisonousbasidiomycetefungus, one of many in the genusAmanita. Occurring inEurope in spring,A. vernaassociates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. Thecaps,stipes andgills are all white in colour.
Amanita verna was first mentioned in the scientific literature by French mycologistJean Bulliard in 1780 asformvernus ofAgaricus bulbosus. Bulliard warned that it could be easily confused with the edible field mushroom (Agaricus campestris), and that remedies for those who had eaten it included puttingvitriolic ether in wine or crushed garlic in milk.[3] The species nameverna is derived from the Latin word for "spring". Three years later,Jean-Baptiste Lamarck gave it distinct species status in hisEncyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique.[4]
A. verna is a close relative ofA. phalloides (the death cap); both species belong to theAmanita subfamily Phalloideae.
The fool's mushroom is pure white, all the way to the gills and the stipe.[5] This fungus, like many but not all amanitas, has avolva. The fool's mushroom's cap is 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) wide, and is about the same height.
This mushroom's lamellae are free and white, and the volva is bag-like and large. Itsannulus is white and membranous, andA. verna react yellow with 20%potassium hydroxide solution, unlike its relativeAmanita phalloides var. alba whileAmanita virosa gets an orange-yellow reaction. The mushroom's spores are smooth and elliptical.[6]
The fool's mushroom grows in European woodlands and hardwood forests in springtime as the fungus' Latin name (Amanita verna or spring destroying angel) suggests.[6]
Unlike various closely related poisonous amanitas, this mushroom is not known to occur inNorth America.
Closely related to other deadly pure white amanitas, the fool's mushroom is one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world. Just like the death cap, this organism contains a fatal dose ofalpha-amanitin, which causes liver failure if not treated immediately. While this mushroom (along with many other deadly and edible fungi) also containsphallotoxins, these phallotoxins are not toxic to humans (when ingested) as they are poorly absorbed.
This mushroom's toxicity and symptoms are similar, if not identical to that of the death cap. Like other members of the subfamily Phalloideae, the fool's mushroom has been implicated in a number of serious or fatal poisonings.
There are no negative symptoms from eating this fungus until 6–24 hours after ingestion. The first symptom is simply unease. Violent cramps and diarrhea follow. On the third day, the same symptoms repeat themselves, but while to many this may seem like a sign of recovery, most of the time it is simply a herald of the final onset of symptoms, which include kidney and liver failure due to amatoxins. At this point, drastic measures like liver transplants need to be taken, or the victim would most likely die.[7]
