Amache Ochinee Prowers | |
|---|---|
 Amache Prowers, Cheyenne mediator, wife ofJohn Wesley Prowers, late 19th century | |
| Born | c. 1846 Southeastern Colorado plains |
| Died | 1905 |
| Citizenship | Native American |
| Occupations | Mediator, cattle-rancher, business woman |
| Spouse | John Wesley Prowers |
| Father | Cheyenne Peace ChiefOchinee |
Amache Ochinee Prowers, also known asWalking Woman (c. 1846–1905), was a Native American activist, advocate, cattle rancher, and operator of a store on theSanta Fe Trail. Her father was aCheyenne peace chief who was killed during theSand Creek massacre on November 29, 1864, after which she became a mediator between Colorado territorial settlers, Mexicans, and Native Americans during the 1860s and 1870s. She was inducted into theColorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2018.
Amache, a full-blooded member of theSouthern Cheyenne tribe, was born possibly in the summer of 1846 during a forced march of her tribe across the plains of Southeastern Colorado.[2][3] Her fatherOchinee (Nah-ku-uk-ihu-us)[2][4][b] was a Cheyenne Peace Chief who often camped nearBent's Fort (Big Timbers) with other Cheyenne.[7] In 1846, the Cheyenne of theArkansas River Valley were subject to significant change as they saw whites arrive in significant numbers. GeneralStephen W. Kearny led United States soldiers through Colorado during theMexican–American War. In late July, when the Cheyenne were encamped atBent's Fort, 1,700 soldiers were encamped for miles along theArkansas River. The Cheyenne had noticed an increase in the number of white people that traveled with wagons on theSanta Fe Trail to trade with the New Mexicans.[8] Also in 1846,Thomas Fitzpatrick was assigned as the firstIndian resident agent at Bent's Fort.[9]
As a child in a Cheyenne tribe, Prowers would have had a lot of freedom, until she had her firstmenstrual cycle, when she would have learned how to clean,tan hides, cook, and take on other responsibilities of Cheyenne women.[3]
John Wesley Prowers was a trader who visited[7][c] and then employed byWilliam Bent at Bent's Fort.[4] He saw Amache perform a Cheyenne dance around 1860. Later, he askedChief Ochinee if he could marry Amache the following year.[3] They were engaged in a typical Cheyenne courtship, which involved exchanging gifts.[7][d]
In 1861, at the age of 15[3] or 16,[4] she married 25-year-old John Wesley Prowers, a cattleman and trader.[2][3] After their marriage, they spent a few months inWestport, Missouri, where she learned the traditions of white women.[3] She experienced prejudice, being called "that Indian woman" by John's brother-in-law, John Hough.[3] Then they lived at Bent's Fort.[3][4]
John and Amache worked together in their business and personal pursuits and settled along theSanta Fe Trail inBoggsville, Colorado in 1867. They lived in a 14-room adobe house, which is aBoggsville Historic Site inBent County, where they raised nine children who were familiar with the cultures of people of European and Native American heritage.[2][6][e] The children were Mary, Susan (who died as an infant), Kathrine, Inez, John, Frank, Leona, Ida, and Mary.[6] Prowers was adept at integrating her o culture with Mexican and Euro-American cultures.[1][7] She adopted the dress of white women at the time, but would not adopt the corset.[11] Although she always spoke English at home, she taught her children words of the Cheyenne language.[6] She maintained Cheyenne traditions among her family,[12] like preparing food from her culture such as pickledprickly pears and rolls of thinly sliced sweetened and spiced buffalo meat for special occasions. She prepared food with spring greens; made grape,chokecherry, andwild plum preserves; and tea fromsage leaves. She also knew what herbs to use for medicine.[6] Amache's mother also taught her grandchildren of the ways of the Cheyenne people.[6] She also kept atepee at her home to keep her family grounded in these traditions.[2] The Prowers were frequently visited by Amache's mother and other family members.[6] Known for being a good and kind woman,[6] she was active in school, church and community activities.[12] She knew many Native Americanholy men and chiefs and was friends withMary Bent, the daughter ofOwl Woman andWilliam Bent.[13] She was a member of theOrder of the Eastern Star.[6]
TheKansas Pacific Railroad constructed a line that ran throughLas Animas.[12][f] In 1873, the Prowers family moved to Las Animas. John Wesley Prowers served in the territorial and state legislature. He died in 1884[14] and he was buried at Las Animas cemetery.[6] For nine years, she received an annual stipend of $3,000 (equivalent to $104,989 in 2024) to raise her children.[3] In 1891, she married Dan Keesee, a rancher[3] or businessman.[13] They visitedCambridge, Massachusetts, where she died in 1905.[3]
Her father helped negotiate a treaty between the government, Cheyenne, andArapaho to safely camp along Sand Creek during the winter of 1864–1865.[5] At that time, he had met with the Territorial Governor,John Evans. ColonelJohn Chivington certified that Lone Bear was a man of good character and a "friendly Indian."[15] Before the attack, the Prowers family, including Amache, were held hostage[5] to prevent them from warning Cheyenne at the Sand Creek winter camp site of the eminent attack.[12][g]
I was taken prisoner one Sunday evening, about sundown, by men of company E, first cavalry of Colorado, by orders of Colonel Chivington… and not allowed to leave the house for two nights and a day and a half… because I had an Indian family. The colonel commanding thought I might communicate some news to the Indians encamped on Sand [C]reek.
— John Wesley Prowers[15]
On November 29, 1864, the Cheyenne camp at theSand Creek was attacked by 600 soldiers of theColorado Volunteer Cavalry and her father, Peace Chief Ochinee (Lone Bear) and 160 other people, most of whom were children and women, were killed.[2] Her mother was able to escape.[3] The troops were led by ColonelJohn Chivington upon the orders of John Evans, theterritorial governor of Colorado.[2] Amache went later to theCongress with her husband and testified to seek justice for the Cheyenne.[7] She and her two oldest daughters and her mother each receivedreparations by the United States government in the form of 640 acres of land along theArkansas River. Amache used her land to expand her family's cattle ranch.[2][7][13][h] The rest of Lone Bear's family moved toIndian Territory, now Oklahoma.[15] Years later, Amache was asked, as she was about to be introduced to Chivington at anEastern Star meeting in Denver, whether she knew him. Her daughter Mary recounts that, "My mother drew herself up with that stately dignity, peculiar to her people, and ignoring the outstretched hand, remarked in perfect English, audible to all in the room, 'Know Col. Chivington? I should. He was my father's murderer!'[6] and turned her back to him.[2]
Located on the Santa Fe Trail, she and her husband ran a store,[2] hotel, post office, county office, and school[12] where people of Euro-American, Native American, and Latin descent met and exchanged information.[7] Prowers spoke English, Spanish, and the language of her birth, Cheyenne. She did not read or write, though.[7] Their house, located in Boggsville, was in one of the earliest settlements in the area.[1] Their neighbors includedKit Carson and his wife andThomas Boggs, who established the settlement.[12]
She helped run her family's cattle ranch,[2] where her husband was believed to have brought the firstHereford cattle into Colorado.[5] He began buying cattle in 1862[14] and was considered the first[10] and largest rancher in the area.[4] By 1881, they had 15,000 head of cattle.[14][i] In the winters of 1885–1886 and 1886–1887, "intense blizzards" resulted in a tremendous loss of cattle in Colorado, nearly wiping out the cattle industry.[14]
She became a leader in the Southern Cheyenne tribe and during Colorado's early years as a territory (1860s and 1870s), she was "an innovative mediator between cultures," including Mexican, Native American, and Euro-American people.[2] As European Americans and Mexican Americans settled in Colorado, her diplomatic skills helped her protect the land that she received through treaty.[1] Dr. Bonnie Clark, and archaeologist who wrote a biography of Amache Prowers, said of her, "Amache lived in a time that brought sweeping changes to the region, requiring the creation of a new society. Cultural mediators like Amache built the foundation of the American West."[2]
She died in 1904[13] or 1905, inCambridge, Massachusetts.[2][3] She was buried at Las Animas cemetery.[6]
Camp Amache, located nearGranada, Colorado, was named after her after it was established in 1942. It was a Japanese-American internment camp duringWorld War II.[5] She was inducted into theColorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2018.[2]
The house in Boggsville was the subject of an archaeological study by Richard Carrillo of theUniversity of Denver and graduate student Carson Bear. A tip of abiface, a type of astone tool, andflakes were found under the floorboards of the living room.[7] The presence of a ground stone for processing traditional foods and a stone tool set indicates that she was making and using stone tools. It is rare to opine that a native woman made stone tools, because it was traditionally considered a function performed by men, the hunters. Cheyenne women used stone tools, though, for hide-working.[7]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
