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Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromAlveolar tap)

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɾ⟩ in IPA

"Alveolar tap" and "Alveolar flap" redirect here. For the voiceless consonants, seeVoiceless alveolar tap and flap.

Avoiced alveolar tap orflap is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents adental,alveolar, orpostalveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩.

The termstap andflap are often used interchangeably.Peter Ladefoged proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."^[1] That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap ⟨ɾ⟩ and flap ⟨ɽ⟩, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap[ɾ]) and "party" (retroflex[ɽ]).

For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically calledtaps and other articulationsflaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.

As a phoneme, the sound is analyzed as anrhotic consonant. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either analveolar stop ([t],[d], or both) or arhotic consonant.

If an alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in broad transcription, despite that symbol technically representing a trill.

Avoiced alveolar tapped fricative reported from some languages is actually a very briefvoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.

Voiced alveolar tap and flap

[edit]

Voiced alveolar tap or flap

IPA number 124

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɾ

Unicode(hex) U+027E

X-SAMPA 4

Braille

Image

Voiced postalveolar flap
ɾ̠

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced alveolar tap or flap:

Itsmanner of articulation istap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
Itsplace of articulation isdental oralveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at thealveolar ridge. It is most oftenapical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Egyptian^[2]	رجل	[ɾeɡl]	'leg'	SeeEgyptian Arabic phonology
	Lebanese	إجر	[ʔəʒəɾ]	'wages'
	Moroccan	رما /rma	[ɾma]	'he threw'
	South Iraqi	أريد	[aɾiːd]	'I want'
Aragonese		aragonés	[aɾaɣoˈnes]	'Aragonese'	Contrasts with/r/.
Armenian	Eastern^[3]	րոպե	[ɾo.ˈpɛ]^ⓘ	'minute'	Contrasts with/r/ in all positions.
Assyrian		ܪܫܐrìsha	[ɾiʃa]	'head'	Contrasts with ‘dark’ R.
Asturian		hora	[ˈoɾa]	'hour'	Contrasts with/r/.
Basque		begiratu	[beˈɣiɾaˌtu]	'look'	Contrasts with/r/. SeeBasque phonology
Bengali		আবার	[abaɾ]	'again'	Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [r ~ɹ] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. SeeBengali phonology
Bengali		গাড়ি	[ɡaɾ̠i]	'car'	Apical postalveolar.^[4] SeeBengali phonology
Catalan^[5]		truc	[ˈtɾuk]	'trick'	Contrasts with/r/. SeeCatalan phonology
Danish^[6]^[7]		nordisk	[ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk]	'Nordic'	Possible realization of intervocalic/d/ between phonetic vowels.^[6]^[7] SeeDanish phonology
Dutch		reden	[ˈɾeːdə(n)]	'reason'	Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. SeeDutch phonology
English	Cockney^[8]	better	[ˈbe̞ɾɐ]	'better'	Intervocalicallophone of/t/. In free variation with [ʔ ~tʰ ~tˢ]. SeeFlapping
	Australian^[9]		[ˈbeɾɐ]		Intervocalic allophone of/t/ and/d/. SeeAustralian English phonology,New Zealand English phonology andFlapping
	New Zealand^[10]		[ˈbeɾɐ]
	Dublin^[11]		[ˈbɛɾɚ]^ⓘ		Intervocalic allophone of/t/ and/d/, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be[ɹ] instead, unlike New and Mainstream. SeeEnglish phonology andFlapping
	North America^[12]
	Ulster
	West Country
	Irish	three	[θɾiː]	'three'	Conservative accents. Corresponds to [ɹ ~ɻ ~ʁ] in other accents.
	Scottish^[13]				Most speakers. Others use [ɹ ~r].
	OlderReceived Pronunciation^[14]				Allophone of/ɹ/
	Scouse^[13]				Allophone of/ɹ/
	South African^[13]				Broad speakers. Can be [ɹ ~r] instead
Esperanto		Esperanto	[espeˈɾanto]	'one who hopes'	Usually a flap[ɾ], but can be a trilledr. SeeEsperanto phonology
Finnish		rotta	[ˈrotːɑ]	'rat'	Occurs in Häme (Tampere) dialect, contrasts withr in standard Finnish. SeeFinnish phonology
Greek^[15]		μηρός /mirós	[miˈɾ̠o̞s]	'thigh'	Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of/r/. SeeModern Greek phonology
Gokana^[16]		bele	[beːɾ̠eː]	'we'	Apical postalveolar. Allophone of/l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be apostalveolar trill or simply[l] instead.^[16]
Hindustani		मेरा/میرا	[meːɾaː]	'My'	Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. SeeHindi phonology
Hindustani		बड़ा/بڑا	[bəɾ̠äː]^ⓘ	'big'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[17] SeeHindustani phonology
Hungarian		kar	[kɒɾ]	'arm'	Allophone of /r/
Irish		fear	[fʲaɾˠ]	'man'	SeeIrish phonology
Italian	Standard	Era	[ˈɛ:ɾa]	Era	Intervocalically
Italian	Sicilian	Drago/Dragu	[ˈdɾaːɡu]	Dragon
Kinyarwanda		uRwanda	[uɾgwɑː.ndɑ]	'Rwanda'
Japanese		心 /こころkokoro	[ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]^ⓘ	'heart'	^[18] Varies with[ɺ].^[19] SeeJapanese phonology
Kazakh		бер/ber	[beɾ]^ⓘ	'give'	SeeKazakh phonology
Korean		여름 /yeoreum	[jʌɾɯm]	'summer'	Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/
Malay		راتوس /ratus	[ɾä.tos]	'hundred'	Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [r] or postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. SeeMalay phonology
Māori		whare	[ɸaɾɛ]	'house'	Sometimes trilled.
Marathi		वारा	[ʋaːɾaː]	'wind'
Nepali^[20]		तारा	[t̪äɾä]	'star'	Intervocalic allophone of /r/. SeeNepali phonology
Nepali^[20]		भाड़ा	[bʱäɾ̠ä]	'rent'	Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of/ɖ,ɖʱ/.^[21] SeeNepali phonology
Norwegian^[22]		bare	[ˈbɑ̂ː.ɾə]^ⓘ	'only'	May be realised as a trill[r], approximant[ɹ] or uvular[ʀ~ʁ] depending on dialect. SeeNorwegian phonology
Odia		ରାତି/rāti	[ɾäti]	'night'
Odia		ଗାଡ଼ି	[ɡäɾ̠iː]	'car'	Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of/ɖ,ɖʱ/.^[23]
Polish		który	[ˈkt̪u.ɾɘ̟]	'which'	Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[24]		prato	[ˈpɾatʊ]	'dish'	Dental toretroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with/ʁ/, with itsguttural allophones. SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਲਾਰਾ	[ˈläːɾäː]	'false promise'	SeePunjabi phonology.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	لارا	[ˈläːɾäː]	'false promise'	SeePunjabi phonology.
Scottish Gaelic		mòr	[moːɾ]	'big'	Both the lenited and non-initial broad form ofr. Often transcribed simply as/r/. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill[rˠ], while the slender form is[ɾʲ] ([ð] in some dialects). SeeScottish Gaelic phonology.
Shipibo^[25]		roro	[ˈɾ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]	'to break'	Apical postalveolar; possible realization of/r/.^[25]
Spanish^[26]		caro	[ˈkaɾo̞]^ⓘ	'expensive'	Contrasts with/r/. SeeSpanish phonology
Tagalog		biro	[ˈbiɾɔʔ]	'joke'	SeeTagalog phonology
Tamil		மரம்	[maɾam]	'tree'	SeeTamil phonology
Thai	Some speakers	พระ / phra	[pʰɾäʔ˦˥]	'monk'
Turkish^[27]		ara	[ɑˈɾɑ]^ⓘ	'interval'	Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere.^[27] SeeTurkish phonology
Uzbek^[28]		ёмғир/yomg‘ir/یامغیر	[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]	'rain'	Denti-alveolar.^[28]
West Coast Bajau^[29]		bara'	[ba.ɾaʔ]	'to tell'	Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position.
Wu Chinese	Xuanzhou Wu	銅陵	[ɾom.lin]	'Tongling'	Found in various Xuanzhou localities, with that ofTongling provided. Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to/d/ in other lects.^[30]

Alveolar nasal tap and flap

[edit]

Alveolar nasal tap/flap
ɾ̃
IPA number	124 424
Encoding
X-SAMPA	`4~ or n_X`

Features

[edit]

Features of an alveolar nasal tap or flap:

Itsmanner of articulation istap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
Itsplace of articulation isalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English^[31]	Estuary	twenty	[ˈtʰw̥ɛ̃ɾ̃i]^ⓘ	'twenty'	Allophone of unstressed intervocalic/nt/ for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. SeeEnglish phonology,North American English regional phonology andflapping
English^[31]	North American^[32]	twenty	[ˈtʰw̥ɛ̃ɾ̃i]^ⓘ	'twenty'
Guarani^[33]		porã	[põˈɾ̃ã]	'good'	Nasalized allophone of/ɾ/ as a result of nasal harmony. SeeGuarani language § Nasal harmony

Notes

[edit]

^Valentin-Marquez (2015) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFValentin-Marquez2015 (help)
^Watson (2002:16)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
^Mazumdar (2000:57)
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^^a ^bGrønnum (2005:157)
^^a ^bBasbøll (2005:126)
^Wells (1982:324–325)
^Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
^Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
^"Glossary". Retrieved2021-05-22.
^Ogden (2009:114)
^^a ^b ^cOgden (2009:92)
^Wise (1957:?)
^Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
^^a ^bL.F. Brosnahan."Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved2013-11-24.
^Tiwari (2004:?)
^Labrune (2012), p. 92.
^Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
^Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009)."Nepali".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.39 (3):373–380.doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181.ISSN 1475-3502.
^Khatiwada (2009:374)
^Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015)."En innføring i norsk fonologi" [An introduction to Norwegian phonology](PDF) (in Norwegian) (4 ed.).University of Bergen. p. 21.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved2020-07-09.I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp
^Masica (1991:107)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^^a ^bValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^^a ^bYavuz & Balcı (2011:25)
^^a ^bSjoberg (1963:13)
^Miller, Mark T. (2007).A Grammar of West Coast Bajau (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34.hdl:10106/577.
^Jiang, Bingbing (2003),吴语宣州片方言音韵研究, Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, p. 41–42,ISBN 7-5617-3299-6
^Kwan-Young Oh."Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach". Retrieved2023-04-29.
^Tomasz P. Szynalski."Flap t FAQ". Retrieved2013-11-24.
^Walker (2011:9–10)

References

[edit]

Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997).Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. München: Lincom Europa.ISBN 3-89586-095-6.
Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11
Basbøll, Hans (2005),The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis,ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (3):341–349,doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006),A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene(PDF), Kansas: University of Kansas
Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):261–265,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
Labrune, Laurence (2012),The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.),Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109–131,ISBN 9067652970
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920],The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,ISBN 8120614526
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Ogden, Richard (2009),An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press,ISBN 978-0-7486-2541-3
Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012),"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,42 (2):225–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, pp. 135–139,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966],Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal,ISBN 81-225-0017-X
Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002),International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed, p. 24
Valentin-Marquez, Wilfredo (2008), "Doing Being Boricua: Perceptions of National Identity and the Sociolinguistic Distribution of Liquid Variables in Puerto Rican Spanish",Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics,1 (2):451–454,doi:10.1515/shll-2008-1031,S2CID 147068871
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),"Shipibo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31 (2):281–285,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
Walker, Rachel (2011). "Nasal Harmony". In van Oostendorp, Marc; Ewen, Colin J.; Hume, Elizabeth; Rice, Keren (eds.).The Blackwell companion to phonology(PDF). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 9781405184236.
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (3):351–360,doi:10.1017/S0025100307003180
Wells, John (1982),Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge University Press, pp. 324–325,ISBN 978-0-521-28540-7
Wise, Claude Merton (1957),Introduction to Phonetics, Englewood Cliffs{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011),Turkish Phonology and Morphology(PDF), Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi,ISBN 978-975-06-0964-0^{[permanent dead link]}

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɾ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive[ʬ]
Bidental percussive[ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive[¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

v t e The letterR
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill[r̥] Voiced alveolar trill[r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant[ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap[ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap[ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap[ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant[ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap[ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill[ɽr] Voiced velar approximant[ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant[ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative[x] Voiced velar fricative[ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill[ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill[ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative[χ] Voiced uvular fricative[ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative[ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative[h] Voiced glottal fricative[ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)