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Altanius

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Extinct genus of primates

Altanius Temporal range:Early Eocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

lower jaw ofAltanius orlovi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
(unranked):	Euprimates
(unranked):	incertae sedis
Genus:	†Altanius Dashzeveg and McKenna1977^[1]
Type species
†Altanius orlovi Dashzeveg and McKenna 1977 [1]

Altanius is a genus of extinct primates found in the earlyEocene ofMongolia. Though its phylogenetic relationship is questionable, many have placed it as either a primitiveomomyid or as a member of the sister group to bothadapoids and omomyids.^[2] The genus is represented by one species,Altanius orlovi, estimated to weigh about 10–30 g (0.35–1.1 oz) from relatively well-known and complete dental and facial characteristics.^[3]

Morphology

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Much of the fossilized remains ofAltanius, as with any extinct vertebrate, are isolated teeth fragments. However, an abundance of specimens, collected between Dashzeveg and McKenna's initial discovery of the species in 1977 and the present, have yielded an almost complete dentition.

Identifying dental characteristics of the genus include small, high,trigonids, theanterior basin on lower molars, and highpremolars. It is linked with the omomyoid group in its unfusedmandible, reducedparaconids on the lower molars, and overall shorter molars.^[3] These traits are too numerous to have been easily developed byparallel evolution. In the taxa's four premolars, double rooted second premolar and unreduced canine and last molar, the teeth ofAltanius are too primitive to be omomyoids, best resembling theCarpolestidae, a group ofPlesiadapiformes.^[4] The dentition is also not dissimilar from primitive adapoidsDonrusselia andCantius. However, its highlingual cusps and shorttalonids, the basin at the distal end of the lower molars, are traits too derived for this specimen to be a primitive omomyoid ancestor.^[3]

Phylogeny

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Found in 1977,^[2] this genus was one of the first Eocene fossil primates to be found in Asia and indicates that early primate radiations were not restricted to North America and Europe.Altanius, with a mixture of dental traits, some incredibly primitive, some very similar to other omomyoids, and some highly specialized, has not been satisfactorily placed in any taxonomic group. Most likely, it is a member sister group that branched off either right before or right after the omomyoid/adapoid split, although there are many other interpretations.^[4]

References

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^^a ^bD. Dashzeveg and M. C. McKenna. 1977. Tarsioid primate from the Early Tertiary of the Mongolian People’s Republic. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 22(2):119-137
^^a ^bMikko's Phylogeny Archive
^^a ^b ^cGingerich, P. D.; Dashzeveg, D.; Russell, D. E. (1991)."Dentition and systematic relationships ofAltanius orlovi (Mammalia, Primates) from the early Eocene of Mongolia"(PDF).Geobios.24 (5): 637.Bibcode:1991Geobi..24..637G.doi:10.1016/0016-6995(91)80029-Y.
^^a ^bFleagle, J. G. (1999).Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. p. 462.ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9. Retrieved1 June 2018.

Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius
Microchoerinae	Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex
"Anaptomorphinae"	Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina
"Omomyinae"	Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius
Tarkadectinae	Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops

Tarsiiformes

†Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"?
Tarsiidae	Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis?

Simiiformes

- see below↓

Simiiformes

†Afrotarsiidae?

Afrasia
Afrotarsius

†Eosimiidae

†Amphipithecidae

†Parapithecoidea

Arsinoea Biretia
Proteopithecidae	Proteopithecus Serapia
Parapithecidae	Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus

Platyrrhini

†Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico
Aotidae	Aotus †Tremacebus
Pitheciidae	†Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix
Atelidae	Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia
Cebidae	†Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus
Callitrichidae	Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus

Catarrhini	see below↓

Catarrhini

†Micropithecus
†Saadanius

†Oligopithecidae

†Propliopithecidae

†Pliopithecoidea

Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi
Pliopithecidae	Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus
Dionysopithecidae	Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus
Crouzeliidae	Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates

Cercopithecoidea

†Alophe

†Victoriapithecidae

Colobinae

Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecini	Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus
Papionini	Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus

Hominoidea	see below↓

Hominoidea

†Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus
†Dendropithecidae	Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus
Hylobatidae	†Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus

Hominidae

†Buronius †Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus
Ponginae	†Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus

Pan
Hominina	†Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus

Taxon identifiers
Altanius	Wikidata:Q614603 EoL:4523159 GBIF:4827126 IRMNG:1422820 Open Tree of Life:4941799 Paleobiology Database:40796

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