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| Alpine marmot | |
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| Individual inGrand Muveran Nature Reserve,Switzerland (above), andVanoise National Park,France (below) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Sciuridae |
| Genus: | Marmota |
| Species: | M. marmota |
| Binomial name | |
| Marmota marmota | |
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| Range in red | |
| Synonyms | |
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Thealpine marmot (Marmota marmota) is a largeground-dwelling squirrel, from thegenus ofmarmots. It is found in high numbers in mountainous areas of central and southern Europe,[2] at heights between 800 and 3,200 m (2,600–10,500 ft) in theAlps,Carpathians,Tatras and NorthernApennines. In 1948 they were reintroduced with success in thePyrenees, where the alpine marmot had disappeared at end of thePleistocene epoch.[3]
The alpine marmot originates as an animal ofPleistocene coldsteppe, exquisitely adapted to this ice-age climate. As such, alpine marmots are excellent diggers, able to penetratesoil that even apickaxe would have difficulty with, and spend up to nine months per year inhibernation.[4]
Since the disappearance of the Pleistocene cold steppe, the alpine marmot persists in the high altitude alpine meadow. During the colonisation of Alpine habitat, the alpine marmot has lost most of its genetic diversity through abottleneck effect. It could not rebuild its genetic diversity ever since, as its lifestyle adapted to the Ice Age climate slowed its rate of genomic evolution.[5] The alpine marmot is indeed one of the least genetically diverse wild-living animals.[citation needed]
An adult alpine marmot is between 43 and 73 cm (17–29 in) in head-and-body length and the tail measures from 13 to 20 cm (5–8 in). The body mass ranges from 1.9 to 8 kg (4.2–17.6 lb), with the animals being significantly lighter in the spring (just after hibernation) than in the autumn (just before hibernation).[6][7] The alpine marmot is sometimes considered the heaviestsquirrel species, although some other marmot species have a similar weight range, making it unclear exactly which is the largest.[6][7][8] Its coat is a mixture of blonde, reddish and dark gray fur. While most of the alpine marmot's fingers have claws, its thumbs have nails.
As its name suggests, the alpine marmot ranges throughout the EuropeanAlps, ranging through alpine areas of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia and Austria. They have also been introduced elsewhere with sub-populations in thePyrenees, France'sMassif Central,Jura,Vosges,Black Forest,Apennine Mountains, and theRomanian Carpathians. TheTatra marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris Kratochvíl, 1961) represents an endemic subspecies of Alpine marmot that originated during the Quaternary period. Tatra marmots inhabit Tatry Mountains and Nízke Tatry Mountains.Marmots are abundant in their core population; in the Romanian Carpathians, for example, the population is estimated at 1,500 individuals.[1] Alpine marmots preferalpine meadows and high-altitude pastures, where colonies live in deep burrow systems situated inalluvial soil or rocky areas.[9]
Marmots may be seen "sun bathing", but actually this is often on a flat rock and it is believed they are actually cooling, possibly to deal with parasites. Marmots are temperature sensitive and an increase in temperature can cause habitat loss for the species as a whole.[10]
Alpine marmots eat plants such asgrasses andherbs, as well as grain,insects,spiders andworms. They prefer young and tender plants over any other kind, and hold food in their forepaws while eating. They mainly emerge from theirburrows to engage infeeding during the morning and afternoon, as they are not well suited toheat, which may result in them not feeding at all on very warm days. When the weather is suitable, they will consume large amounts of food in order to create a layer offat on their body, enabling them to survive their longhibernation period.[4]
When creating aburrow, they use both their forepaws and hind feet to assist in the work—the forepaws scrape away thesoil, which is then pushed out of the way by the hind feet. If there are anystones in the way, the alpine marmot will remove them with itsteeth provided that the stones aren't too large. "Living areas" are created at the end of a burrow, and are often lined with driedhay,grass andplant stems. Any other burrow tunnels that go nowhere are used astoilet areas. Once burrows have been completed, they only host one family. They are often enlarged by the nextgeneration, sometimes creating very complex burrows over time. Each alpine marmot will live in a group that consists of several burrows, and which has a dominant breeding pair. Alpine marmots are very defensive against intruders, and will warn them off using intimidating behavior, such as beating of the tail and chattering of the teeth, and by marking their territory with their scent. One can often see an alpine marmot "standing" while they keep a look-out for potentialpredators or other dangers. Warnings are given, by emitting a series of loud whistles, after which members of the colony may be seen running for cover.Themating season for alpine marmots occurs in the spring, right after their hibernation period comes to a close, which gives theiroffspring the highest possible chance of storing enough fat tosurvive the coming winter. Alpine marmots are able tobreed once they reach an age of two years. Dominant females tend to suppress reproduction of subordinates by being antagonistic towards them while they are pregnant which causes stress and kills the young.[11] Once the female ispregnant, she will take bedding materials (such as grass) into the burrow for when she givesbirth after agestation period of 33–34 days. Eachlitter consists of between one and sevenbabies, though this number is usually three. The babies are bornblind and will grow darkfur within several days. Theweaning period takes a further forty days, during which time the mother will leave the young in the burrow while she searches for food. After this period, the offspring will come out of the burrow and search for solid food themselves. Their fur becomes the same colour as adult alpine marmots by the end of the summer, and after two years they will have reached their full size. If kept incaptivity, alpine marmots can live up to 15–18 years.[4]
Alpine marmots survive extreme changes in weather and food shortages during winter by hibernating.[12] As the summer begins to end, alpine marmots will gather old stems in their burrows in order to serve asbedding for their impending hibernation, which can start as early as October. They seal the burrow with a combination ofearth and their ownfaeces. Once winter arrives, alpine marmots will huddle next to each other and begin hibernation, a process which lowers theirheart rate to five beats per minute andbreathing to 1–3 breaths per minute. Huddling next to nestmates allows for passive heat exchange and larger hibernating groups result in increased survivability.[13] During hibernation their stored fat supplies are used slowly, which usually allows them to survive the winter. Theirbody temperature will drop to almost the same as the air around them, although their heart and breathing rates will speed up if the environment approachesfreezing point. Some alpine marmots willstarve to death due to their layers of fat running out; this is most likely to happen in younger individuals.[4]
Alpine marmots were once widely hunted for food and because their fat is believed to easerheumatism when rubbed on theskin. Hunting of the alpine marmot still occurs forsport as well as for its fat. Hunting is a danger to the species if insufficiently regulated, as they reproduce relatively slowly.[4]In general the alpine marmot is currently not in danger of extinction, but certain sub-populations of marmot may be threatened such as those in theJura and in Germany.[1] A population inRodna (Romania) is very small and threatened by poaching.[14]
The use of trained alpine marmots by itinerants fromSavoy was a not uncommon occurrence in the late 18th century.[15] The marmot would be kept in a small box while in transit, and during a performance, the marmot would dance to the playing of an instrument, such as ahurdy-gurdy.[16] Marmots became associated with the people of Savoy, and their style of dress, and the image of a traveling Savoyard with a marmot was captured in art, such as inFrançois-Hubert Drouais' paintingThe Children of the Duke of Bouillon dressed as Montagnards, and inLudwig van Beethoven's composition,Marmotte.
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Media related toMarmota marmota at Wikimedia Commons
