Anallomone (fromAncient Greekἄλλοςallos "other" andpheromone) is a type ofsemiochemical produced and released by an individual of onespecies that affects the behaviour of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver.[1] Production of allomones is a common form of defense against predators, particularly by plant species against insectherbivores. In addition to defense, allomones are also used by organisms to obtain their prey or to hinder any surrounding competitors.[2]
Many insects have developed ways to defend against theseplant defenses (in anevolutionary arms race). One method of adapting to allomones is to develop a positive reaction to them; the allomone then becomes akairomone. Others alter the allomones to formpheromones or otherhormones, and yet others adopt them into their own defensive strategies, for example by regurgitating them when attacked by aninsectivorous insect.
"Allomone was proposed by Brown and Eisner (Brown, 1968) to denote those substances which convey an advantage upon the emitter. Because Brown and Eisner did not specify whether or not the receiver would benefit, the original definition of allomone includes both substances that benefit the receiver and the emitter, and substances that only benefit the emitter. An example of the first relationship would be a mutualistic relationship, and the latter would be a repellent secretion."[3]
The larvae of the berothid lacewingLomamyia latipennis feed on termites which they subdue with an aggressive allomone. The first instar approaches a termite and waves the tip of its abdomen near the termite's head. The termite becomes immobile after 1 to 3 minutes, and completely paralysed very soon after this, although it may live for up to 3 hours. The berothid then feeds on the paralysed prey. The third instar feeds in a similar manner and may kill up to six termites at a time. Contact between the termite and the berothid is not necessary for subduing, and other insects present are not affected by the allomone.[4]
Bark beetles communicate via pheromones to announce a new food resource (i.e. dead trees, roots, living trees, etc.) ultimately resulting in the accumulation of a large concentration of bark beetles. Select species of bark beetles have the capability to emit pheromones that can negatively affect the behavioral response of another competing species of bark beetles when both species are attempting to inhabit theloblolly pine tree.[5] A certain molecular compound within the released pheromone of one species can interfere with a competing species' ability to respond its own species' pheromone in the environment. This interaction aides the emitter by decreasing its local bark beetle competition. A competitive interaction occurring between two species of bark beetles is seen when the pheromones ofG. sulcates interferes with the behavioral feedback ofG. retusus. The impact of interactions between competing species fighting for food and space within an environment is seen when observing the CaliforniaI. pini. TheI. pinihave two receptors in which one is used to receive the pheromone of their own species and the other receptor receives the pheromone of their competing species. The presence of these two receptors makes sure that pheromones from their own species,I. pini, are not being interrupted by their competing species,I. paraconfusus.
Arthropods that travel alone, likebeetles andcockroaches, have evolved to emit pheromones when in the presence of ants in which the emitted pheromone is identical to the ant's alarm pheromone.[6] The alarm pheromone of the worker ants causes the ants to stop what they are doing and to return to their nest till the alarm pheromone ceases in their environment. This release of an ant alarm pheromone by an arthropod causes the ants to go into alarm and allows the arthropod to escape its predators before the ants are able to recruit more workers.
^Brown, William L. Jr.; Eisner, Thomas; Whittaker, Robert H. (1970-01-01). "Allomones and Kairomones: Transspecific Chemical Messengers".BioScience.20 (1): 21.doi:10.2307/1294753.ISSN0006-3568.JSTOR1294753.
^Insects as Predators by T New, published by NSW University Press in 1991
^Wood, D L (January 1982). "The Role of Pheromones, Kairomones, and Allomones in the Host Selection and Colonization Behavior of Bark Beetles".Annual Review of Entomology.27 (1):411–446.doi:10.1146/annurev.en.27.010182.002211.ISSN0066-4170.
