| All Hallows-by-the-Tower | |
|---|---|
 All Hallows-by-the-Tower in 2020 | |
 All Hallows-by-the-Tower | |
| 51°30′34″N0°04′46″W / 51.5094°N 0.0794°W /51.5094; -0.0794 | |
| OS grid reference | TQ 33385 80687 |
| Location | Byward Street London,EC3 |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Previous denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Churchmanship | Modern Catholic |
| Website | www |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade I listed building |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of London |
| Clergy | |
| Vicar | Katherine Hedderly |
| Assistant priest | Sophia Acland |
All Hallows-by-the-Tower, at one time dedicated jointly to All Hallows (All Saints) andthe Virgin Mary and sometimes known asAll Hallows Barking,[1][2] is an Early MedievalAnglican church onByward Street in theCity of London, England, overlooking theTower of London.
According to the church website and other sources it is "the oldest church in the City of London" and was founded in AD 675,[3][4] although recent research has questioned these claims.[5][6] The church survived theGreat Fire of London in 1666, but was badly damaged duringthe Blitz inWorld War II. Following extensive reconstruction, it was rededicated in 1957. From 1922 until 1962 thevicar wasTubby Clayton, and the church is still the guild church ofToc H, the international Christian organisation that he founded.
The origin and early history of All Hallows-by-the-Tower church are obscure.[2] At the time of theDissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 the church belonged toBarking Abbey, a Roman CatholicBenedictine nunnery inBarking,Essex, originally established in the 7th century. The association with Barking was a long one, and All Hallows church was already known as "Berkyncherche" in the 12th century. According toDomesday Book in 1086, Barking Abbey possessed "28 houses and half a church" in London: although the church is not named, it is usually identified with All Hallows.[2][5]
The originalAnglo-Saxon abbey of Barking was founded byEarconwald or Erkenwald,[7] along with Chertsey Abbey, before he becameBishop of London in 675, and it has been claimed that the land on which All Hallows stands was granted to the abbey, under AbbessÆthelburh (Ethelburga), Erkenwald's sister, at that time.[2] A charter dated to 687, listing properties belonging to Barking Abbey, includes two pieces of land in or near London.[8] One of these was simply described as "iuxta Lundoniam", near/next to London, the other as "supra vicum Lundoniae", that is, in "Lundenwic", the Anglo-Saxon town that had grown up in the area of theStrand, a mile to the west of the old Roman city ofLondinium; neither of these, though, accurately describes the location of All Hallows church, inside the wall of the Roman city on the eastern side.[2]
In 1940, duringWorld War II, the clearance after destruction caused by bombing revealed an archway built of reused Roman tiles and stonework, set in a surviving wall of the medieval church. The reuse of Roman building materials, and comparison with arches in the earlyAnglo-Saxon church atBrixworth,Northamptonshire, suggested that the All Hallows arch was very early in date, and that an original church could have been built as early as the 7th century.[9] This seemed to confirm the belief that the church had been founded as a daughter church of Barking Abbey at about the same time as the abbey itself was established, although it is doubtful that the first construction on the site would have been in stone. It is more likely that the stone church, of which the arch is a remnant, superseded an earlier wooden building.[4][10] Recent research, and archaeological evidence that Roman tiles and stone were being used in the construction of other London churches as late as the 11th century, suggest that the arch could have been constructed at any time between the 7th century and the arrival of the Normans.[6][5] Fragments of three 11th-century stone crosses also found during archeological work in the 1930s and clearance works after the bombing,[9] now displayed in the crypt, also date from this first church.[6][5]
The church was expanded and rebuilt several times between the 11th and 15th centuries, with various elements of the Norman, 13th-century and 15th-century constructions still visible today.[5][11] Its proximity to theTower of London meant that it acquired royal connections, withEdward IV making one of its chapels a royalchantry and the beheaded victims of Tower executions being sent for temporary burial at All Hallows,Sir Thomas More being one of the most eminent of these.
The church was badly damaged by an explosion in 1650[12] caused when some barrels of gunpowder being stored in a warehouse adjacent to the church exploded; its west tower and some 50 nearby houses were destroyed, and there were many fatalities.[13] The tower was rebuilt in 1658. It only narrowly survived theGreat Fire of London in 1666 and owes its survival toAdmiral William Penn, father ofWilliam Penn ofPennsylvania fame, who had his men from a nearby naval yard blow up the surrounding buildings to create firebreaks. During the Great Fire,Samuel Pepys climbed the church's tower to watch the progress of the blaze and what he described as "the saddest sight of desolation".
Restored once more in the late 19th century, All Hallows was gutted by German bombers duringthe Blitz inWorld War II and required extensive reconstruction, and was rededicated in 1957. The church now included carving by the Tasmanian born wood carverEllen Nora Payne.[14]
Many portions of the old church survived the War and have been sympathetically restored.[15] Its outer walls are 15th-century, with the Anglo-Saxon arch doorway surviving from the original church. Manybrasses remain in the interior. (Thebrass rubbing centre which used to be located at All Hallows is now closed). Three outstanding wooden statues of saints dating from the 15th and 16th centuries can also be found in the church, as too an exquisiteBaptismal font cover which was carved in 1682 byGrinling Gibbons for £12, and which is regarded as one of the finest pieces of carving in London. The main-altar's reredos mural is a post-war work byBrian Thomas.
In 1999 the AOC Archaeology Group excavated the cemetery and made many significant discoveries.[16]
The church has a museum in its crypt, containing portions of a Roman pavement which together with many artefacts was discovered many feet below the church in 1926/27. The exhibits focus on the history of the church and the City of London, and include Anglo-Saxon and religious artefacts as well as the 17th-century church plate. Also on display are thechurch's registers dating back to the 16th century, and notable entries include the baptism ofWilliam Penn, the marriage ofJohn Quincy Adams, and the burial of ArchbishopWilliam Laud.[17] Laud remained buried in a vault in the chapel for over 20 years; his body was moved during the Restoration toSt John's College, Oxford. The crypt also houses the church's chapels dedicated to St Francis (14th century) and St Clare (early 17th century) as well as thecolumbarium, created in 1933.
Thealtar in the crypt is of plain stone from the castle ofRichard I atAthlit inThe Holy Land.[18]
All Hallows-by-the-Tower has been the guild church ofToc H since 1922. The church was designated a Grade Ilisted building on 4 January 1950.[19]
The church also has achime which was brought back to working order in the 1970s by Philip Blewett, then a priest at the church, and Desmond Buckley over many weekends.
TheKnollys Rose Ceremony, held annually in June, starts at the church and processes to the Mansion House, where a single rose is presented to the Lord Mayor as a 'quit rent'. The parish's annualbeating the bounds ceremony also includes a boat trip to the middle of the Thames to 'beat' the water that forms the southern boundary.
The earliest records of an organ in All Hallows is one by Anthony Duddyngton dating from 1521. This was presumably lost during theEnglish Civil War.
An organ was installed in 1675 by Thomas andRenatus Harris. In 1720 a new case was built by Gerard Smith. The organ was restored and improved byGeorge Pike England in 1813, Bunting in 1872 and 1878, andGray and Davison in 1902. There was further work byHarrison and Harrison in 1909 and 1928. After destruction in 1940, a new organ by Harrison and Harrison was installed in 1957.
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