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 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name 1,2-Dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione | |
| Other names 1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione[1] 1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Turkey red Mordant red 11 Alizarin B Alizarin red | |
| Identifiers | |
| |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| 1914037 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider |
|
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.711 |
| 34541 | |
| KEGG |
|
| UNII | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| C14H8O | |
| Appearance | orange-red crystals or powder |
| Density | 1.540 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 289.5 °C (553.1 °F; 562.6 K)[1] |
| Boiling point | 430 °C (806 °F; 703 K) |
| slightly to sparingly soluble | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 6.94 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
 | |
| Warning | |
| H302,H315,H319 | |
| P264,P264+P265,P270,P280,P301+P317,P302+P352,P305+P351+P338,P321,P330,P332+P317,P337+P317,P362+P364,P501[2] | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | External MSDS |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds | anthraquinone,anthracene |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Alizarin (also known as1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone,Mordant Red 11,C.I.58000, andTurkey Red[4]) is anorganic compound with formulaC14H8O4 that has been used throughout history as a reddye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it was derived from the roots of plants of themadder genus.[5] In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically.[6]
Alizarin is the main ingredient for the manufacture of the madderlake pigments known to painters asrose madder andalizarin crimson. Alizarin in the most common usage of the term has a deep red color, but the term is also part of the name for several related non-red dyes, such as Alizarine Cyanine Green and Alizarine Brilliant Blue. A use of alizarin in modern times is as astaining agent in biological research because it stains freecalcium and certain calcium compounds a red or light purple color. Alizarin continues to be used commercially as a red textile dye, but to a lesser extent than in the past.
Madder has been cultivated as adyestuff since antiquity in centralAsia andEgypt, where it was grown as early as 1500 BC. Cloth dyed with madder root pigment was found in the tomb of thePharaohTutankhamun,[7] in the ruins ofPompeii[citation needed], and ancientAthens andCorinth.[8] In the Middle Ages,Charlemagne encouraged madder cultivation. Madder was widely used as a dye in Western Europe in the Late Medieval centuries.[9] In 17th century England, alizarin was used as a red dye for the clothing of the parliamentaryNew Model Army. The distinctive red color would continue to be worn for centuries (though also produced by other dyes such ascochineal), giving English and later British soldiers the nickname of "redcoats".
The madder dyestuff is combined with a dyemordant. Depending on which mordant is used, the resulting color may be anywhere from pink through purple to dark brown. In the 18th century, the most valued color was a bright red known as "Turkey Red". The combination of mordants and overall technique used to obtain the Turkey Red originated in the Middle East or Turkey (hence the name). It was a complex and multi-step technique in its Middle Eastern formulation, some parts of which were unnecessary.[10] The process was simplified in late 18th-century Europe. By 1804, dye makerGeorge Field in Britain had refined a technique to makelake madder by treating it withalum, and analkali,[11] that converts the water-soluble madder extract into a solid, insoluble pigment. This resultingmadder lake has a longer-lasting color, and can be used more efficaciously, for example by blending it into apaint. Over the following years, it was found that other metal salts, including those containingiron,tin, andchromium, could be used in place of alum to give madder-based pigments of various other colors. This general method of preparing lakes has been known for centuries[12] but was simplified in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
In 1826, theFrench chemistPierre-Jean Robiquet found that madder root contained two colorants, the red alizarin and the more rapidly fadingpurpurin.[13] The alizarin component became the first natural dye to be synthetically duplicated in 1868 when theGerman chemistsCarl Graebe andCarl Liebermann, working forBASF, found a way to produce it fromanthracene.[14] TheBayer AG company draws its roots from alizarin as well.[15] About the same time, theEnglish dye chemistWilliam Henry Perkin independently discovered the same synthesis, although the BASF group filed their patent before Perkin by one day. The subsequent discovery (made by Broenner and Gutzhow in 1871) that anthracene could be abstracted fromcoal tar further advanced the importance and affordability of alizarin's artificial synthesis.[16]
The synthetic alizarin could be produced for a fraction of the cost of the natural product, and the market for madder collapsed virtually overnight. The principal synthesis entailed bromination of anthraquinone by bromine (in a sealed tube at 100 °C) to give 1,2-dibromoanthraquinone. Then the two bromine atoms were substituted by -OH by heating (170 °C) with KOH, followed by treatment with strong acid.[17] The incorporation of two bromine atoms in 1 and 2 position is not expected by an aromatic electrophilic substitution, and suggest the existence of an α,β unsaturated enol form of anthraquinone which suffer electrophilic addition by bromine.
Alizarin, as a dye, has been largely replaced today by the more light-resistantquinacridone pigments developed atDuPont in 1958.
Alizarin is one of tendihydroxyanthraquinone isomers. It is soluble inhexane andchloroform, and can be obtained from the latter as red-purple crystals, melting point 277–278 °C.[5]
Alizarin changes color depending on the pH of the solution it is in, thereby making it apH indicator.[19]
Alizarin Red is used in a biochemical assay to determine, quantitatively bycolorimetry, the presence of calcific deposition by cells of anosteogenic lineage. As such it is an early stage marker (days 10–16 of in vitro culture) of matrix mineralization, a crucial step towards the formation of calcifiedextracellular matrix associated with true bone.[citation needed]
Alizarin's abilities as a biological stain were first noted in 1567, when it was observed that when fed to animals, it stained their teeth and bones red. The chemical is now commonly used in medical studies involving calcium. Free (ionic) calcium forms precipitates with alizarin, and tissue block containing calcium stain red immediately when immersed in alizarin. Thus, both pure calcium and calcium in bones and other tissues can be stained. These alizarin-stained elements can be better visualized under fluorescent lights, excited by 440–460 nm.[20] The process of staining calcium with alizarin works best when conducted in acidic solution (in many labs, it works better in pH 4.1 to 4.3).[21]
In clinical practice, it is used to stainsynovial fluid to assess for basiccalcium phosphate crystals.[22] Alizarin has also been used in studies involving bone growth, osteoporosis, bone marrow, calcium deposits in the vascular system, cellular signaling, gene expression, tissue engineering, and mesenchymal stem cells.[21]
Ingeology, it is used as a stain to differentiate thecalcium carbonateminerals, especiallycalcite andaragonite inthin section or polished surfaces.[23][24]
Madder lake had been in use as a red pigment in paintings since antiquity.[25]
![Red alizarin stained juvenile Roosterfish (Nematistius pectoralis) lit by fluorescent light.[26]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aN_pectoralis.jpg)
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