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Alivardi Khan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756

Alivardi Khan
Shuja ul-Mulk (Valiant of the country)[1]
Hashim ud-Daula (Sword of the state)
Mahabat Jang (Horror in War)
Nawab of Bengal
Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
Reign29 April 1740 – March 1751
PredecessorSarfaraz Khan
SuccessorHimself (as Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar)
(Raghoji I in Orissa)
Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar
ReignMarch 1751 – 9 April 1756
SuccessorSiraj ud-Daulah
Born1676
Deccan Plateau,Mughal Empire
Died9 April 1756(1756-04-09) (aged 79–80)
Murshidabad,Bengal, Mughal Empire
Burial
Khushbagh, West Bengal, India
SpouseSharfunnesa
Issue
Names
Shuja ul-Mulk Hashim ud-Daula Mahabat Jang Mirza Muhammad Alivardi Khan
FatherMirza Muhammad Shah Quli Khan Madani
MotherA descendant of theAfshar tribe
ReligionShia Islam[2][3][4]
Military career
Battles / wars

Alivardi Khan (1671 – 9 April 1756) was the fourthNawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756. He toppled the Nasiri dynasty of Nawabs by defeatingSarfaraz Khan in 1740 and assumed power himself.

During much of his reign Alivardi encountered frequent Maratha raids underRaghuji Bhonsle, culminating in the surrender of the province ofOrissa in a peace settlement in 1751. He also faced separatist rebellions inBihar as well as a revolt from his grandsonSiraj ud-Daulah, though these were suppressed.

Alivardi spent the latter part of his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was a patron of the arts and resumed the policies ofMurshid Quli Khan. He maintained a politically neutral stance with the European powers in thesubcontinent and prevented any infighting amongst them in his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

Early life

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Originally Mirza Bande or Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of theDeccan who was born in 1676.[5][6][7] His father Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was ofArab descent, was the son of a foster-brother of theMughal emperorAurangzeb; Madani himself began his career as acup-bearer under the latter's sonAzam Shah.[7][8] Muhammad Ali's mother was aDeccani Muslim descending from theIranian TurkmenAfshar tribe ofKhorasan. Through her, he was a cousin ofShuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, also known as Mirza Deccani.[7][note 1][11][12]

Like their father, he and his elder brother Mirza Ahmad (later known as Haji Ahmad) found favour under Azam Shah. Muhammad Ali was named superintendent of thefeelkhana (elephant-stables) as well as being given responsibility over thezardozkhana (department of embroidered cloths). However, following Azam Shah's death in 1707, the family fell into poverty. They migrated toCuttack in Orissa, then under the deputy-governorship of their relative Shuja-ud-Din. Finding employment with the latter, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved themselves capable in supporting his government, later even aiding Shuja-ud-Din in becomingNawab of Bengal.[13]

Rise to power

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Alivardi Khan with a courtier, Murshidabad,c. 1745
Alivardi Khan hosting his nephew Shahamat Jang’s adoption of his grandson Ikram ud-Daula after the death of Ikram's fatherZain ud-Din Ahmed Khan in Patna.c. 1748

In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali toFaujdar (General) ofRajmahal and entitled him asAlivardi Khan.[14] In 1733, he was assigned as theNaib Nazim (DeputySubahdar) ofBihar. A year later, he was titledShuja ul-Mulk (Hero of the country),Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword of the state) andMahabat Jang (Horror in War) and the rank ofPaach HazariMansabdar (The rank holder of 5000) by Nawab Shuja ud-Din and returned toAzimabad.

Alivardi aspired for larger authority. On 10 April 1740 in theBattle of Giria, he defeated and killed Shuja ud-Din's successor,Sarfaraz Khan.[14] Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then on 3 March 1741, he defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan, in theBattle of Phulwari.[14] Orissa also came under Alivardi's control. Alivardi Khan defeated a rebellion in Orissa led byMirza Baqer Khan, and invading Orissa a second time, he subdued theBarha Sayyids with great difficulty,[15] and installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum as governor.[16]

Reign

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Capture of two prisoners at an important battle by Aliverdi Khan
Silver Rupee struck during the tenure of Nawab Alivardi Khan in Murshidabad mint, in the name of Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur, with his regnal year 3 in Persian, AD 1751.

Immediately after his usurpation of power, Alivardi had his takeover legitimized by the Mughal EmperorMuhammad Shah and resumed the policies ofMurshid Quli Khan. He also choseFaujdars from various regions such asPatna,Dacca and Orissa.[17]

Since 1742, theMaratha Empireraided Bengal repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a long ditch, called theMaratha ditch, dug aroundCalcutta. Alivardi was a brilliant artillery tactician, though his armies were overrun by the large force of the Marathas fromBerar who had arrived to pillage and conquer the territories of Bengal under the command ofRaghoji I Bhonsle.

In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of Alivardi. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, itsSubedarMir Jafar completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi and theMughal army at the Battle of Burdwan, where Raghoji and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Alivardi then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.[18]

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun inOrissa in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance fromShuja-ud-Daula. But Orissa was ultimately surrendered to the ravagingMarathas. These Maratha attacks continued until March 1751 when a peace treaty was settled between Alivardi and Raghoji.[19]

In 1750, Alivardi faced a revolt fromSiraj ud-Daulah, his daughter's son, who seized Patna. Alivardi forgave him.[20] Alivardi also subdued the revolt of a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from his administration,[14] and chastised theBanjaras who were marauding through Bihar and chased them towards theTerai.[21]

According to some historians, Alivardi Khan's reign of 16 years was mostly engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.

Alivardi Khan's tomb atKhushbagh

He also saved Bengal from the effects of war of succession in Austria through proper vigilance and precautions, unlike south India, which got caught up in it. He maintained a policy of neutrality towards European powers and forbade the British, French and Dutch to have any hostility against each other in his dominion.[22]

Cultural and musical development

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A young woman playing aVeena to aParakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. Painting in the provincialMughal style of theNawab of Bengal.

Alivardi Khan was a patron of various musical instruments such as theVeena andKhol drums. He also patronized many manuscripts of theShahnameh.

Death and succession

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Alivardi Khan died at 5 am on 9 April 1756, aged at least 80. He was buried inKhushbagh next to his mother's grave.[23] He was succeeded by his daughter's son,Siraj-ud-Daula, who was aged 23 at the time.

Family

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Unlike many of his contemporaries, Alivardi had only one wife, Sharfunnesa.[24][25] They had three daughters,[26] of whom at least two married sons of his elder brother Haji Ahmad.[27][28] Alivardi outlived his sons-in-law and, having had no sons of his own, he was succeeded by his maternal grandsonSiraj ud-Daulah.[29] Alivardi's issue are as follows:[27][28]

Alivardi also had a number of half-siblings, including Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Khan, who served under him as a general and governor ofHugli respectively.[30][31][32] His half-sister Shah Khanum was the wife ofMir Jafar, who later claimed the throne of Bengal in 1757.[33][34] The historianGhulam Hussain Khan was also a relative.[35]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Historian Abdus Subhan reported that Muhammad Ali and Shuja-ud-Din shared the same grandfather, Nawab Aqil Khan.[9] However, Karam Ali'sMuzaffarnama, a contemporary history, notes that he and Aqil Khan merely had the same ancestry "in their 3rd / 4th upward generation".[10]

References

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  1. ^Datta 1939, p. 92.
  2. ^Sarkar, Jadunath (2004) [1948].The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka:University of Dhaka. p. 224.ISBN 978-81-7646-239-6.The climax of the movement was reached afterMurshid Quli Khan had established in Bengal what was practically aShia dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of thatcreed.
  3. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (1986).A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to 19th century A.D. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 46–47.OCLC 15406211.Ghulām Husayn Tabātabā'ī's account of 'Alīwardī's death reinforces the suggestion that he was a Shī'ī.
  4. ^Rieck, Andreas (15 January 2016).The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford University Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-0-19-061320-4.From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757,Bengal was ruled byShiagovernors appointed by theMughals but de facto almost independent. Since that time hugeimâmbârgâhs were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of'azâdârî by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns likeMurshidabad andHoogly, which also attracted manyShia 'ulamâ' from both India and Iran.
  5. ^Datta 1939, p. 2.
  6. ^Ivermee, Robert (2020).Hooghly:The Global History of a River. Oxford University Press. p. 51.ISBN 978-1-78738-325-8.
  7. ^abcSarkar, Jadunath (1948).The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka: University of Dhaka. p. 436.ISBN 978-81-7646-239-6.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  8. ^Sensarma, P. (1977).The Military History of Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p. 172.
  9. ^Subhan, Abdus (1970)."Early Career of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal".Journal of Indian History.XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University of Kerala: 536.
  10. ^Ali, Karam; Khan, Shayesta (1992).Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum [Bihar and Bengal in the 18th century: a critical edition and translation of Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history]. Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library.
  11. ^Antunes, Cátia; Bethencourt, Francisco (2022).Merchant Cultures:A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. BRILL. p. 124.ISBN 978-90-04-50657-2.Another Deccani, Shuja succeeded Murshid Quli from 1727.
  12. ^Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2001).Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I–M. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.ISBN 978-81-7648-233-2.
  13. ^Sarkar (1948, pp. 436–37)
  14. ^abcdShah, Mohammad (2012)."Alivardi Khan". InIslam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.).Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  15. ^Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa (1981).Orissa Under the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa.
  16. ^Sahu, N. K.; Miśra, Prabodhakumāra; Sahu, Jagna Kumar (1981).History of Orissa. p. 347.
  17. ^Markovits, Claude (2004).A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 194–.ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
  18. ^Jaques, Tony (2007). "Burdwan | 1747 | Later Mughal-Maratha Wars".Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175.ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
  19. ^Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005).Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt.ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved15 September 2020.
  20. ^Dalrymple, William (2019).The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 84.ISBN 978-1-4088-6440-1.
  21. ^Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019).Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-000-65152-2.
  22. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1948).The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740-1825 A.D. University of Patna. p. 12.
  23. ^Dalrymple, William (2019).The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84, 87.ISBN 978-1-4088-6440-1.
  24. ^Skelton, Robert; Francis, Mark (1979).Arts of Bengal: The Heritage of Bangladesh and Eastern India : an Exhibition. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery. p. 35.ISBN 978-0-85488-047-8.
  25. ^Rahim, A. (1959)."Society and Culture of the Eighteenth Century Bengal".Bengali Literary Review.4 (I & II). University of Karachi: 127.ISSN 0405-413X.
  26. ^abIslam, Sirajul (1997).History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971. Vol. 3. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.ISBN 978-984-512-337-2.
  27. ^abDatta, K.K. (1967).Early Career of Siraj-ud-daulah. Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society. Vol. LXXXVI. Calcutta Historical Society. p. 142.
  28. ^abSen, Ranjit (1987).Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (1700–1793). Kolkata: Rabindra Bharati University. p. 87.OCLC 17918965.
  29. ^Sengupta, Nitish Kumar (2011).Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 162, 164.ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
  30. ^Salim, Ghulam Hussain (1902).Riyazu-s-Salatin, A History of Bengal. Translated by Abdus Salam. Calcutta: The Baptist Mission Press. p. 335.
  31. ^Sarkar (1948, p. 445)
  32. ^Datta 1939, p. 69
  33. ^Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1980).Diwani in Bengal, 1765: Career of Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. p. 3.OCLC 8431066.
  34. ^Rashid, Abdur (2001).From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons. p. 143.ISBN 978-969-0-01691-1.
  35. ^Askari, Syed Hasan (April 1978)."Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan".The Panjab Past and Present.XII (I). Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University: 257.ISSN 0031-0786.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toAlivardi Khan.
  • Decisive Battle of India, G. B. Malleson,ISBN 81-7536-291-X, published by Books For All, 2002.
  • Wikisource Buckland, C.E. (1906). "Aliverdi Khan".Dictionary of Indian Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Lim.
Alivardi Khan
Born: Before 10 May 1671 Died: 10 April 1756
Preceded byNawab of Bengal
29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756		Succeeded by
Bengal Nobility
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