TheAligarh Movement was a socioreligious movement inBritish India aimed to establish a modern system ofWestern-stylescientific education for theMuslim population during the later decades of the 19th century.[1] The movement's name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city ofAligarh in Central India and, in particular, with the foundation of theMuhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875.[2] The founder of the oriental college, and the other educational institutions that developed from it, wasSir Syed Ahmed Khan. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh Movement.
The education reform established a base, and an impetus, for the wider Movement: a Pakistani Muslim renaissance that had profound implications for the religion, the politics, the culture and society of theIndian subcontinent.
The failure of theIndian Rebellion of 1857 saw the end of the Mughal empire and the succession of the British. The Muslim society during the post mutiny period was in a deteriorating state. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Muslim society to be educationally, socially and culturally backward. He blamed the prevailing education system for the degrading state of the Muslim society.[3] This led Sir Syed to initiate a movement for the intellectual, educational, social and cultural regeneration of the Muslim society. This movement came to be known as the Aligarh movement after Sir Syed established his school at Aligarh which later became the center of the movement.[4]
In 1859, Sir Syed established Gulshan School atMoradabad. In 1862 he founded the Victoria School atGhazipur.[5]
Sir Syed founded theTranslation Society inGhazipur in 1863 to translate major works in the field of sciences and modern arts into Urdu.[6] It was later renamed as theScientific Society and moved to Aligarh. The Society released two journals –The Aligarh Institute Gazette and theTehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq, known as the Mohammedan Social Reformer in English.[7]
In 1866 theBritish Indian Association was established at Aligarh with the intention of addressing the political needs of the people.[8]
TheBihar Scientific Society was established by Syed Imdad Ali in Muzaffarpur in 1868. The society also launched a fortnightly newspaper,Akhbarul Akhyar.[9]
The Bihar Scientific Society and Bhumihar Brahman Sabha together established a college in Muzaffarpur on 3 July 1899. This is now known as Langat Singh College.[10]
In 1875 Sir Syed and Moulvi Samiullah Khan established a madarsaMadrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind in Aligarh in his bungalow.[11] The school had a primary section and a senior section known asMuhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School.[12]
In 1877 the foundation ofLytton Library was laid byLord Lytton for the students of MAO College. It was renamed as theMaulana Azad Library after Independence.[14]
A debating club was founded at MAO College by Sir Syed in 1884. It was renamedSiddons Union Club after its first principal Henry George Siddons.[15] It came to be known asMuslim University Union after the college became a university.[16]
In 1886 Sir Syed founded theMuhammedan Educational Congress, an organisation to reform and educate Indian Muslims. Its name was changed toAll India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1890.[17]
Sir Syed founded theUnited Patriotic Association in 1888 along withRaja Sivaprasad of Beneras to promote political co-operation with the British and ensure Muslim participation in the British Indian Government.[18][19]
In 1889 Sahabzada Aftab Ahmad Khan establishedDuty Society or Anjuman-Al-Farz to support the poor and needy students of the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental (MAO) College.[20]
In 1890 Mohsin-ul-Mulk founded UrduDefence Central Committee later renamed toUrdu Defence Association for the advocacy of Urdu.[8]
To promote the political interests of the Muslims before the British Government, theMuhammedan Anglo-Oriental Defense Association was established in 1893.[21]
After the death of Sir Syed in 1899, theOld Boys Association was formed at Aligarh to generate support for the Aligarh Movement. Maulvi Bahadur Ali was the founding secretary of the association.[22]
Sir Syed Memorial Fund was established by Sahabzada Aftab Ahmad Khan in 1899 to raise MAO College to a university.[23]
In 1901Mohammadan Political Organisation was founded by NawabWaqar-ul-Mulk to present Muslim grievances before the government.[24][page needed]
Sheikh Abdullah launched the Urdu monthly magazineKhatoon in 1904 to promote education of girls.[25]
In 1906 Sheikh Abdullah and his wife Wahid Jahan Begum established a small school for girls known asAligarh Zenana Madarsa in Aligarh.[27]
In 1914 Begum Sultan Jahan founded theAll India Muslim Ladies Conference at Aligarh. The Begum served as President of the Conference, while Nafis Dulhan Begum from Aligarh was its Secretary.[28]
On 29 October 1920Jamia Millia Islamia was established at Aligarh. It was later moved to Delhi.[29]
In 1929, Zenana Madarsa became an Intermediate College and In 1930 the girl's college was converted into aWomen’s College under the affiliation of Aligarh Muslim University.[31]
The chief detractors of the Aligarh Movement were the conservativeUlemas of the time who blamed Sir Syed for promoting Western ethics and customs among the Muslims.[3] TheDeoband school was also opposed to the Aligarh Movement.[73] Sir Syed and the movement was ridiculed in theAwadh Punch by his detractors likePandit Ratan Nath Sarshar, Munshi Sajjad Hussain andAkbar Allahabadi. He was also opposed by Pan-Islamist thinker and activistJamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī.[74]
The Aligarh Movement has made a weighty and lasting contribution to the political emancipation of Indian Muslims.[75] The movement had a profound impact on the Indian society, particularly on the Muslim society compared to the other powerful but less adaptable movements of the 19th century. It influenced a number of other contemporary movements to a great extent that it caused the emergence of other socio-religious movements during the 19th century. The impact of Aligarh Movement was not confined to theNorthern India only, but its expansion could be seen on the other regions of the Indian sub-continent during the 20th century.[76] The annual Educational Conferences held in different parts of the country played an effective role in the promotion of education among Muslims and directly or indirectly influenced the growth of institutes like Aligarh Muslim University,Osmania University,Dacca University, Anjuman-i-Tarqqi Urdu, Jamia Millia Islamia, Dar-ul-Uloom Nadva, Lucknow, and Dar-ul-Musannfafin, Azamgarh.[77] By the early 1900 Aligarh Movement became the progenitor to a number of socio-religious movements like theUrdu movement,[78] theKhilafat Movement[79] and thePakistan Movement.[80]
^Burki, Shahid Javed (1999) [First published in 1986].Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 4.ISBN978-0-8133-3621-3.The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh ... not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite ... Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory'
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