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Alfredo Costa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Alfredo Luís da Costa 24 November 1883 |
| Died | 1 February 1908(1908-02-01) (aged 24) |
| Cause of death | Shot by police |
| Occupations | |
| Parents |
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| Details | |
| Date | 1 February 1908 |
| Location | Terreiro do Paço |
| Targets |
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| Killed | 2 |
| Injured | 1 |
| Weapons | Browning revolver |
Alfredo Luís da Costa (24 November 1883 – 1 February 1908) was aPortuguese publicist, editor, journalist, shop assistant and salesman who was part of the PortugueseCarbonária and aMason, best remembered for being one of the two assassins (withManuel Buíça) credited in the assassination of KingCarlos I of Portugal and thePrince Royal, Luis Filipe, during the events that became known as the 1908Lisbon Regicide (on 1 February 1908), ultimately leading to his death.
He was born to Manuel Luís da Costa and Maria João da Costa in the small village ofCasével,Castro Verde.[citation needed]
From a small farm in theAlentejo, he travelled toLisbon where he worked for his uncle, a member of theAssociação dos Empregados do Comércio de Lisboa (English:Association of Commerce Workers of Lisbon), and learned the alphabet in his shop.[citation needed]
On meeting Alfredo Luís, Raul Pires described him as"...of a serious physiognomy, almost tragic" and with"big brown eyes, slow-moving, with a stance that appeared sleep-walking...with a moustache on his face, the nose lightly bent to the left. It is probable that he had untreated tuberculosis...and a perceptible bend in his back..."[1] Later, Costa would continue as a sales clerk, after leaving the employ of his uncle, and traveling the country. Self-trained and a natural rebel, inAngra do Heroísmo he worked for a labour newspaper for workers in commerce, where, as an able journalist, he continued to submit weekly dispatches. While in Angra, he was also the driving force behind theNúcleo da Juventude Anarco-Sindicalista (English:Centre for Anarchist-Syndicalist Youth).[2] He continued his career in 1903, inEstremoz, where he was a republican propagandist, contributing to local newspapers with an unlimited dedication. With a small loan from a colleague, he founded a small bookstore,A Social Editora, withAquilino Ribeiro, where he edited several pamphlets against the regime, and distributed them door-to-door. This included hisA Filha do Jardineiro (English:The Gardener's Daughter) an ironic romance that disparaged the royal family over seven decades, and which consumed most of his savings.[citation needed]
A republican radical, though not an extremist, he was amason in the Lisbon Mountain Lodge with contemporaries such asAquilino Ribeiro,Luz de Almeida andMachado Santos.[citation needed]
By 31 January 1908, he lived in the second-floor apartment atRua dos Douradores, 20 inLisbon. Costa was single, childless, an employee in commercial business, while collaborator in several publications and administrator of the weeklyO Caixeiro.[citation needed]
On the disastrous evening of theMunicipal Library Elevator Coup (28 January 1908)[3] Costa lead a group of 20 men (withManuel Buiça) to assault the RoyalPalace of Necessidades, but modified their strategy and, instead, attacked the Quartel dos Lóios. Later, they confronted several members of theGuarda Municipal (English:Municipal Guard) nearRua de Santa Bárbara when they were waiting for a mortar explosion to signal the main attack. Planned, financed and armed by elements of thePortuguese Republican and Progressive Dissidency Parties, thecoup d'etat was to be carried out by members of theCarbonária, Formiga Branca andmasonry in order to proclaim a Republic and/or assassinate Prime MinisterJoão Franco.[citation needed]
The coup failed when the police were tipped off to the conspiracy and had reinforced strategic posts throughout the city. As several members of the Republican registry were rounded up, Alfredo Costa was able to escape the police sweep, as he was not at his pre-designated post for the coup. In fact, the prisons were full of high-ranking members of the conspiracy who were easily picked up as they meandered through the city.[citation needed]
In the backroom of Café Gelo, a popular and frequented destination of the Carbonária and republicans, was relatively empty. With a small group that includedManuel Buíça, Alfredo Costa continued to gather in the cafe, even as others silently or quickly passed by without entering. Actually, Costa continued to freely walk through the city, congregating with republican elements, while exhorting his peers to continue the struggle. During an encounter withMachado Santos and Soares Andrea at the Café Gelo, shortly after the attempted coup, he affirmed: "If someone attempts to grab me...I will burn him to pieces".[1]
This refrain was followed by a conspicuous patting of his coat, where he carried hisBrowning revolver.[citation needed]
On the morning of 1 February 1908, Alfredo Costa met withManuel Buíça and other Carbonárias in the Quinta do Xexé, inOlivais, where they finalized the assassination ofJoão Franco and members of the Royal Family.[4] It is unclear when the decision was made to kill the King, but it was part of the instructions given to the cell that Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buíça belonged to, during the Elevator coup attempt.[5]
At about two in the afternoon, Manuel Buíça and three others had lunch in a corner table near the kitchen in the Café Gelo. The assassins talked quietly, as Alfredo Costa quickly ate his meal. Manuel Buíça was the first to get up, and he advised his cohorts that he would go catch "the boat" (referring to his intent to meet the King's ferry as it arrived). By four o'clock, Alfredo Costa, Fabrício de Lemos and Ximenes, assumed positions under the arcade of the Minister of the Kingdom in theTerreiro do Paço. Manuel Buíça, with Domingos Ribeiro and José Maria Nunes, positioned themselves within the square, near the statue ofD. José across from the Ministry, alongside a tree andkiosk. The six-mancell await along the planned route of the Royal Family, along with the rest of the gathered population, eyeing the arrival of the boat on which they travelled.[citation needed]
After disembarking, around twenty minutes past five in the afternoon, Manuel Buíça had opened fire on thelandau. Alfredo Costa jumped on the carriage and fired two shots into the already lifeless body of the monarch: Buíça had already killed the King with his first shot. TheQueen confronted Costa with her bouquet of flowers, yelling:"Infames! Infames!" (English:Infamous). Costa turned to thePrince Royal and fired a shot that hit him in the chest, but being of a small calibre, it did not penetrate the sternum, and the Prince opened fire on Costa, firing four rapid shots with his service revolver. Costa fell from the carriage; later, in the autopsy, it was learned that the shots fractured Costa's lefthumerus, and although it was not fatal, it impeded him from holding onto the edge of the landau. A mounted cavalry officer, Lieutenant Figueira, then attacked Costa with his sabre, wounding him in the back and face. The municipal police then committed to the attack, and two agents apprehended him and dragged the assassin to the police quadrant near the city hall. At the entrance, he was shot by an unidentified officer or member of the Municipal Guard, which perforated his lung, killing him.[6]
Alfredo Costa was buried on 11 February 1908. The day before, a group of three men, members of theAssociação do Registo Civil[7] (English:Civil Registry Association) who appeared outside themorgue to convince the director to provide a civil funeral.[citation needed]
Autopsied in the early evening of the same day, the coroner found a total of 11 wounds throughout his body. There were three wounds in his head, two on the back and one in the chest, which were caused by a sword, but were not considered fatal. A seventh wound corresponded to a wound on the left side of his face. The rest of the wounds were caused by gunshots: one in the lower back, one straight through wound in the armpit and the humerus wound (both attributed to Prince Luís Filipe) and finally, a wound caused by a bullet that hit him in the upper part of his chest and perforated his lung, crossed histhorax, fracturing and lodging itself in a rib. This last wound was fatal and responsible for Costa's death.[8] The projectile was not recovered, but from the description, it was a small 5–10 mm bullet from a 6.35–7.65 calibre automatic, which was not standard for the Portuguese police at that time. This reinforced a theory that was promulgated by conspiracy theorists: that Alfredo Costa was killed by people who did not wish the assassins to be interrogated.[9]
Costa's body, along with that ofManuel Buíça and João Sabino (an unfortunate victim of the chaos), were prepared and delivered (except for Sabino's body) to theAlto de São João Cemetery. Arriving, the coffins were sealed and buried (in markers 6044 and 6045); in 1914, the bones of the assassins were transferred to the mausoleum chamber 4251.[citation needed]
Ironically, the acclamation government ofFerreira do Amaral permitted public mourning by republicans, who had apologized for the assassinations and who considered the assassins friends of the Fatherland. Approximately 22,000 people would pay their respects at the graves of Costa and Buíça; the civil ceremony was organized by the Civil Registry Association, which furnished the flowers and paid 500réis per person and 200 réis per child that appeared at the graves.[10] After the establishment of the Republic, the same Association acquired land in the cemetery in order to construct a monument to theheroic liberators of the Fatherland (as written on the request to the Lisbon city hall authorities in their petition). The monument was eventually dismantled by theEstado Novo government and the bodies transferred to other locations within the cemetery, and the monument's elements were abandoned.[citation needed]
The final report into the assassination of King Carlos and Prince Royal, which was ready for judicial investigation, disappeared (on 25 October 1910), shortly after theproclamation of theFirst Portuguese Republic. Judge Almeida e Azevedo submitted the process to Dr. José Barbosa, member of the Provisional Government, who was responsible for delivering it toAfonso Costa, the new Minister of Justice.[citation needed]