"Alfred" Napoléon Duffié | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Brig. Gen. Alfred N. Duffié | |
| Nickname | Nattie[1] |
| Born | May 1, 1833 (1833-05) |
| Died | November 8, 1880(1880-11-08) (aged 47) |
| Allegiance | French Second Republic United States of America Union |
| Branch | French Army United States Army Union Army |
| Service years | 1852–1859 (French Army) 1861–1865 (US Army) |
| Rank | Sub-Lieutenant (France) Brigadier General (USA) |
| Commands | 1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment |
| Conflicts | |
"Alfred" Napoléon Duffié (May 1, 1833[2] – November 8, 1880) was a French-American soldier and diplomat who served in theCrimean War and theAmerican Civil War.
Duffié was born inParis. Several claims about his early life seem to be untrue: that he graduated from theÉcole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, that he fought in theAustro-Italian War of 1859, that he was awarded theLegion d'Honneur though he wore it in several photographs, or that his father was acount.[3] It is known that Duffié joinedFrance's Imperial Cavalry in 1852, being assigned to the6th Dragoon Regiment. As a member of this unit, he served during theCrimean War, seeing action at theBattle of Balaclava and theBattle of Chernaya River.[3] He proved to be a skillednon-commissioned officer and rose through the ranks. In 1859, Duffié earned a commission as asub-lieutenant with the 3rdHussar cavalry regiment. However, for unclear reasons, he soon resigned his commission and left France for theUnited States. For leaving the army before his resignation was accepted, Duffié was charged with desertion and sentencedin absentia to ten years of imprisonment.[3] After coming to the United States he married into a prominent New York family, making his new home onStaten Island.
When theAmerican Civil War broke out, Duffié enlisted in the Union Army. He first joined the2nd New York Cavalry Regiment (also known as the Harris Light Cavalry), on August 9, 1861,[4] and was soon promoted to the rank ofcaptain. The somewhat quarrelsome Duffié was placed under arrest several times for confrontations with other officers; in one incident, he challenged GeneralFitz John Porter to a duel.[3] In July 1862 Duffié was appointed to command the1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment, with the rank ofcolonel, by that state's governor,William Sprague IV. Though the 1st Rhode Island's officers initially refused to serve under a foreign-born leader, Duffié soon won them over and reorganized the regiment into a fine fighting unit. Assigned to the command of GeneralWilliam Averell, they saw action against Confederate troops underThomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson in August 1862, infighting near Cedar Mountain, Virginia.
At theBattle of Kelly's Ford in March 1863 Duffié ordered a charge, against Averell's orders to keep on the defensive, which forced the opposing cavalry into retreat. When the Union cavalry was reorganized underAlfred Pleasonton, Duffié was assigned to command the 2nd Cavalry Division. On June 9, 1863, Duffié's division was part of the left wing of an intended an assault on the Confederate cavalry but initially lost its way, putting them behind schedule.[5] Meanwhile, the Union right wing had opened theBattle of Brandy Station. Arriving on the field, Duffié was ordered toward the town of Stevensburg; there his division was halted by a smaller Confederate force.[6] As a result, he was demoted back to regimental command. On June 17, 1863, he led the 1st Rhode Island on a reconnaissance mission towardMiddleburg, Virginia. There he came close to capturing Confederate cavalry commanderJ.E.B. Stuart; after his narrow escape, Stuart returned to Middleburg andinflicted a decisive defeat on Duffié's regiment; only 61 members of the 1st Rhode Island got back to the Union lines.[7]
Relinquishing his command, Duffié returned toWashington, D.C. Though he received a promotion to the rank ofbrigadier general on June 23, 1863, he would not see active duty again until that fall when he was assigned to raise and train cavalry units inWest Virginia. His division of West Virginia volunteers saw action around Lewisburg in December 1863 and as part of GeneralDavid Hunter's 1864 campaign in theShenandoah Valley. He also took part in operations against Confederate guerrilla leaderJohn S. Mosby, promising to capture the so-called "Gray Ghost" and bring him back to Washington.[3] Instead, it was Duffié who was captured by Mosby's men nearBunker Hill, West Virginia, on October 20, 1864.[8] Due to this incident General Phillip Sheridan requested that he be dismissed from the army calling him "a trifling man and a poor soldier. He was captured by his own stupidity."[9] He was sent to prison camp, then paroled on February 22, 1865. Duffié was then ordered to Texas for a campaign against Confederate GeneralEdmund Kirby Smith, but that campaign ended before he could arrive.
On August 24, 1865 Duffié was mustered out of service and returned to his Staten Island home. He was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1867. In 1869 he was appointed U.S. consul toCadiz, Spain. It was there, on November 8, 1880, that he died fromtuberculosis.
Duffie was buried at Fountain Cemetery, inWest New Brighton, Staten Island.[10][11][12] After his death, some of Duffié' officers from the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry established a subscription toward acenotaph to their former leader, which was erected in Providence's[11][3]North Burial Ground in 1889.
Contemporary researchers also gave him the name "Alexander", which is not his real name either. The only document attesting to this first name is his official letter written in Chartres on August 8, 1859 addressed to the Minister of War in Paris to ask for his resignation. The use of the first name Alexandre reveals more of a family and personal habit or rather of Duffié's intention to desert the French army in case of refusal of his request in order to mislead the military authorities. Once he arrived in America, he never revealed his true first name "Napoléon" and everyone believed his given initial "N." meant "Nattie". At the time of his official funeral in Providence, July 10, 1889, nine years after his death, Lieutenant Samuel C. Willis Junior announced his real name: "One correction I wished to make in regard to General Duffié's name. His name was Alfred Napoléon Duffié, and not Alfred Nattie Duffié, as we have always supposed".[13] Furthermore, his first name "Alfred" was invented by himself at the time of his desertion from the French army in 1859 in order to hide his real identity, as he was wanted by the army authorities in Paris as soon as his disappearance was noticed.[14]
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