Alexander von Kluck | |
|---|---|
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| Born | (1846-05-20)20 May 1846 |
| Died | 19 October 1934(1934-10-19) (aged 88) |
| Allegiance |  Prussia German Empire |
| Branch | Prussian Army |
| Service years | 1866-1916 |
| Rank | Generaloberst |
| Commands | 1st Army |
| Conflicts | Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War World War I |
| Awards | Pour le Mérite |
| Other work | Author |
| Signature |  |
Alexander Heinrich Rudolph von Kluck (20 May 1846 – 19 October 1934) was a Germangeneral duringWorld War I.
Kluck was born inMünster,in Westphalia on 20 May 1846.He was the son of architect Karl von Kluck and his wife Elisabeth, née Tiedemann.[1] He was a pupil at a school called Paulinum in his hometown of Münster.[2]
In 1874 he married Fanny von Donop (1850–1938); they had three sons and one daughter.
He enlisted in thePrussian army in time to serve in the seven-weekAustro-Prussian War of 1866 and theFranco-Prussian War, where he was wounded twice in theBattle of Colombey-Neuilly,[3] and awarded theIron Cross (second class) for bravery.[4] He was made a general of infantry in 1906,[5] and in 1913 was appointedInspector General of the Seventh Army District.
With the outbreak of World War I, Kluck was placed in command of the German First Army. According to theMoltke revisions of theSchlieffen Plan, the First Army was part of the strong right wing and positioned on the outer western edge of the German advance throughBelgium andFrance. This western flank was to advance alongsideKarl von Bülow's Second Army toParis. Upon reaching Paris in concert, the First and Second armies were to threaten Paris from both the west and east.
After fighting theBritish atMons andLe Cateau, the First Army pursuedLanrezac's French Fifth Army during thegreat retreat. However, thirty miles from Paris and anticipating an encounter with the French Fifth Army (commanded by Lanrezac), the cautious Bülow halted his Second Army's advance and ordered Kluck's direct support. Kluck had recently been placed under Bülow's command when the latter was appointed to command the German right wing. Kluck protested this order to Bülow and Moltke, as he preferred to move past Lanrezac's left flank, but was overruled and ordered to support Bülow's attack on Lanrezac. By this time, the aggressive Kluck had advanced his First Army well south of von Bülow's position to 13 miles north of Paris. On August 30, Kluck decided to wheel his columns to the east of Paris, discarding entirely the Schlieffen Plan. Although frustrated by Bülow's caution, on 31 August Kluck turned his army southeast to support the Second Army. In so doing, Kluck created a 30-mile gap in the German line extending toward Bülow's stalled Second Army. Critically, the move exposed Kluck's right flank in the direction of Paris where (unknown to Kluck) GeneralMichel-Joseph Maunoury's new Sixth Army was deployed. The French learned of Kluck's change in course on September 3 thanks to reports from Allied aircraft, and this was independently confirmed by radio intercepts.[6] The following events were critical to the future course of the war.
Commander-in-ChiefJoseph Joffre reportedly pleaded with the until-then cautious commander of theBritish Expeditionary ForceSir John French, who finally agreed to join the counterattack. On 5 September, Maunoury attacked Kluck's right (west) flank, marking the opening of theFirst Battle of the Marne. Kluck parried the blow by borrowing two corps in the space between the First and Second army. A surprise attack on 8 September byFranchet D'Esperey's (who had replaced Lanrezac) Fifth Army against Bülow's Second widened the gap which the British Expeditionary Force marched to exploit.
Kluck telegraphed von Moltke on the night of 8 September that the decisive victory would be won the following day.[7] Instead, on 9 September a representative of the German Headquarters, Hentsch, considered the situation of Bülow's Army as very dangerous and ordered a retreat of all the armies, even though by that time Kluck had overcome most of his own problems. Ian Senior dismisses as a "myth" the claim in the German Official History that Kluck might have triumphed on 9 September. In fact the BEF was already over the Marne andQuast's attack against Maunoury's Sixth Army had failed, and suggests that this may be why Kluck avoided meeting Hentsch directly.[8]
The Germans retreated in good order to positions forty miles behind theRiver Aisne. There, the front would remain for years in the form of entrenched positions as World War I continued.
Kluck and Bülow's lack of coordination and the ensuing failure to maintain an effective offensive line was a primary contribution to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan which was intended to deliver a decisive blow against France. Instead, the long stalemate oftrench warfare was ready to begin. Many German experts[who?] hold Kluck and especially his chief of staff,Hermann von Kuhl, in the highest esteem. Germany could have won the Battle of the Marne, they think, if only Bülow had matched the courageous initiatives of Kluck's Army, although this doesn't explain the near encirclement of his army.[citation needed] The British at the time called him "old one o'clock".
“In great and dangerous operations one must not think but act”, was Kluck's favourite quote ofJulius Caesar’s.[7]
Toward the end of March 1915, while inspecting an advanced portion of his troops, he was struck by shrapnel, which caused seven wounds and seriously injured his leg. Shortly afterward, he received theOrder Pour le Mérite at the hospital.[9] In October 1916 theMilitär Wochenblatt reported that Kluck had been placed on half-pay, in accordance with his request to be allowed to retire. His son, Lieutenant Egon von Kluck, was killed early in 1915.[4]
General von Kluck wrote of his participation in the War in the volume entitledFührung und Taten der Erste (1920).[10] His post war memoirs,The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne,[11] were published in 1920. Kluck died inBerlin in October 1934 and was buried at theStahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.
Kluck was mentioned in a bawdy British army song (whose lyrics were written to the tune of the traditional folk-songThe Girl I Left Behind Me), which in the original ran:
It was later reported styled in censored form, that is, in less offensive but wholly inaccurate language from a historical point of view.[12] It is unclear if "crown prince" referred toRupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria orWilhelm, German Crown Prince, both army commanders for the duration of the war, though Wilhelm generally fought opposite the French.
Kluck is mentioned in Episode 2, “The Little Pink Book / Field Trip,” of Season 1 of the American animated comedy television series,Hey Arnold! Arnold's grandmother, upon seeing her distraught grandson, says, “I haven’t seen you this down since von Kluck swept through Belgium back in August ‘14.”
The 2016 video gameBattlefield 1 has a weapon skin named after Kluck.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Formed fromVIII Army Inspectorate (VIII. Armee-Inspektion) | Commander,1st Army 2 August 1914 – 28 March 1915 | Succeeded by |
