| Alcázar of Seville | |
|---|---|
| Native name Real Alcázar de Sevilla (Spanish) | |
.jpg) Patio de la Montería courtyard | |
| Type | Alcázar |
| Location | Seville, Spain |
| Coordinates | 37°23′02″N5°59′29″W / 37.38389°N 5.99139°W /37.38389; -5.99139 |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iii, vi |
| Designated | 1987(11thsession) |
| Part of | Cathedral, Alcázar andGeneral Archive of the Indies in Seville |
| Reference no. | 383-002 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
| Type | Non-movable |
| Criteria | Monument |
| Designated | 3 June 1931 |
| Reference no. | RI-51-0001067 |
  Location of Alcázar of Seville in Spain | |
TheAlcázar of Seville, officially calledRoyal Alcázar of Seville (Spanish:Real Alcázar de Sevilla or Reales Alcázares de Sevilla),[1] is a historic royal palace inSeville,Spain and one of the official residences of theSpanish royal family. It was formerly the site of theIslamic-era citadel of the city, begun in the 10th century under theUmayyads and then developed into a larger palace complex by theAbbadid dynasty (11th century) and theAlmohads (12th to early 13th centuries). After theCastilian conquest of the city in 1248, the site was progressively rebuilt and replaced by new palaces and gardens. Among the most important of these is a richly decoratedMudéjar-style palace built byPedro I during the 1360s.[2][3]
The palace is a preeminent example of Mudéjar style in theIberian Peninsula and also includes sections withGothic andRenaissance elements. The upper storeys of the Alcázar are still occupied by theroyal family when they visit Seville and are administered by thePatrimonio Nacional. It was registered in 1987 byUNESCO as aWorld Heritage Site, along with the adjoiningSeville Cathedral and theGeneral Archive of the Indies.[4]
The Spanish termAlcázar (pronounced[alˈkaθaɾ]) comes fromArabic:اَلْقَصْر,romanized: al-qaṣr (اَلْقَصْر, "a large stone building from which power is projected"), which is ultimately from Latincastrum "fort".[5][6][7][8]
In the year 712, Seville was conquered by theUmayyad Caliphate. In the year 913–914, after a revolt against the government of Córdoba, the first emir of Córdoba,Abd al-Rahman III, built a fortified construction in place of aVisigothic Christian basilica.[9] It was a quadrangular, roughly square enclosure about 100 metres (330 ft) long on each side, fortified with walls and rectangular towers, and annexed to the city walls.[10][11]
In the 11th century, during theTaifa, theAbbadid ruleral-Mu'tamid expanded the complex southwards and eastwards,[10] with a new southern enclosure measuring approximately 70 by 80 metres (230 by 260 ft).[11] This new palace was calledal-Mubarak "the Blessed" (المبارك).[2] Various additions to the construction such as stables and warehouses were also carried out.[9]
Towards 1150, theAlmohad Caliphate began to developSeville as their capital in al-Andalus. The Almohad governor extended the fortified complex to the west, nearly doubling its size. At least six new courtyard palaces were constructed in the old enclosures, and nine palaces were added in the western extensions.[11] In 1163 the caliphAbu Yaʿqub Yusuf made the Alcazar his main residence in the region.[9][11] He further expanded and embellished the palace complex in 1169, adding six new enclosures to the north, south, and west sides of the existing palaces. The works were carried out by architects and Ali al-Ghumari.[11] With the exception of the walls, nearly all previous buildings were demolished, and a total of approximately twelve palaces were built.[10] Among the new structures was a very large garden courtyard, now known as thePatio del Crucero, which stood in the old Abbadid enclosure. Between 1171 and 1198, an enormous newcongregational mosque was built on the north side of the Alcazar (later transformed into the currentCathedral of Seville). A shipyard was also built nearby in 1184, and a textile market was established in 1196.[11]
There are few remnants of these Islamic-era constructions today. Archaeological remains of the Al Mubarak Palace are currently preserved under thePatio de la Monteria. Several wall painting fragments were found that are now exhibited in thePalacio del Yeso.[9] The courtyard buildings now known as thePalacio del Yeso (orPatio del Yeso), thePalacio de la Contratación, and thePatio del Crucero all preserve remains from the Almohad period.[11]
Seville wasconquered in 1248 byFerdinand III ofCastile. The former Moorish palace-citadel was taken over by the Castilian monarchs and underwent significant reconstruction and modification, such that most of the Islamic-era structure has since disappeared.[12]
AGothic-style palace was built on the site in 1258 forAlfonso X (Ferdinand's successor).[3] It stood on the site of the present-dayPatio del Crucero, incorporating and preserving parts of the Almohad-era courtyard that was found here, including the Islamic-style garden divided into quadrants by two intersecting paths. Over these paths and around the courtyard, Gothic-style vaults and pointed arches were added, along with a hall divided into several naves. Corners towers containing spiral staircases granted access to an upper terrace.[13] Of the Gothic palace today, only the upstairsSala de las Bóvedas and theBaños de María de Padilla, with their Gothiccross-ribbed vaults, have been preserved or partially preserved.[13]
In the mid-14th century,Alfonso XI commissioned the construction of a new throne hall known as the Hall of Justice, which commemorated his victory at theBattle of Río Salado (1340).[2] It is attached to thePatio del Yeso, an Almohad-era courtyard, and also serves as its antechamber. This new addition was made in aMudéjar style, withstucco decoration and an overall arrangement of elements directly based on contemporaryIslamic Andalusi architecture.[2]
In the 1360s, much of the complex was rebuilt byPedro I in an ornate Mudéjar style.[2] The palace includes a monumental façade, a courtyard (the present-dayPatio de las Doncellas), and a great domed hall known as the Hall of the Ambassadors (Salon de los Embajadores). A Latin inscription on the palace façade includes the year 1364 while an Arabic inscription in the Hall of Ambassadors gives the year 1366, which indicate the probable dates for the start and completion of construction, respectively.[2] The architecture of Pedro I's palace has strong similarities to the contemporaryNasrid palaces of theAlhambra inGranada, although the complicated chronology of construction and renovations at both sites makes it difficult to determine what roles they might have played in influencing each other's designs.[2] It is likely that Muhammad V, the Nasrid ruler of Granada and Pedro I's ally, sent craftsmen to Seville to help assist in the palace's construction and decoration.[14] Under theCatholic Monarchs,Isabella (d. 1504) andFernando (d. 1516), the upper floor of the palace was extended and transformed into their main residence.[9]
The palace was the birthplace ofInfanta Maria Antonietta of Spain (1729–1785), daughter ofPhilip V of Spain andElisabeth Farnese, when the king was in the city to oversee the signing of theTreaty of Seville (1729) which ended theAnglo-Spanish War (1727).[10] Much of the old Gothic Palace of Alfonso X was destroyed during the1755 Lisbon earthquake.[13]
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The Real Alcázar is situated near theSeville Cathedral and theGeneral Archive of the Indies in one ofAndalusia's most emblematic areas.[10]
The palace is known for its tile decoration. The two tile types used are majolica and arista tiles. In the arista technique, the green body is stamped and each tile segment has raised ridges. This technique produces tiles with transparent glazes that are not flat. The art of majolica ceramics was developed later in the 15th–16th centuries. The innovation made it possible to "paint" directly on ceramics covered with white opaque glazes. Being a trade center, Seville had access to large scale production of these tiles. They were mainly of geometric design inspired by arabesque ornamentation.[15]
In the 16th century, the Catholic Monarchs commissioned an Italian artist from Pisa, Francisco Niculoso (called Pisano) to make two majolica tile altarpieces for their private chapel in the palace.[16] One still exists in the oratory of the royal apartments, the other one is missing. Later, the artist Cristóbal de Augusta created a tile-work in the Palacio Gotico. It features animals, cherubs and floral designs and gives the palace a bright tapestry look.[17]
The Puerta del León (Gate of the Lion), located in the outer wall of the complex, is the main access to the enclosure. Between thelintel of this gate and under a machicolation there was a painting of a lion, whose origin is unknown, although it appears in the drawings made byRichard Ford in 1832.[18][19] Until 1876 the medieval painting of the lion with the cross had been preserved, but that year,Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer being the director of the painting and gilding of the whole and being probably in very bad condition, he repainted it completely.[20][21] In 1892 this painting was replaced by a panel ofazulejo designed by Manuel Tortosa y Fernández, with the historical advice ofJosé Gestoso. The azulejo was made in theMensaque factory[22][23] and also represents a lion,[22] in Gothic style, which appears holding a crucifix with its right claw and with a flag under its left claw. On the chest there is atefillin reading inLatinAd utrumque, which means "for one thing and for another", the word 'paratus' would be missing;Ad utrumque paratus,[20] thus meaning "prepared for one thing and for another".
The current name "Puerta del León" dates to the 19th century and derives from the heraldic lion in this panel of tilework above the gateway and under a defensivemachicolation.[24][25] Historically, this gate had been known as Puerta de la Montería (Gate of the Hunt).[26][27] According toOrtiz de Zúñiga (17th century) it was so called because it was where the kingPeter went out with his hunters to go hunting.[28][29] This hypothesis has a basis, since the father of Peter,Alfonso XI of Castile, was so fond of hunting that he wrote a book on hunting. According to José Gestoso, the name was due to the fact that it was decorated with hunting reliefs.[30] On the left side of the arch there are reliefs of two very worn poly lobed medallions. One of them shows something similar to a quadruped animal.
After passing through the gate, one enters thePatio del León. At the back of the courtyard facing the entrance is a stretch of Almohad defensive wall pierced by three arches. This wall has a masonry facade but the back shows unfaced rubble. The two outer arches were originally horseshoe arches but in Christian times they were transformed into round arches by cutting through the inposts. Plays from the Spanish Golden Age were performed in a theatre, the Corral de Montería (Enclosure of the Hunt), that once stood here. It was begun in 1625 but was destroyed in a fire on 3 May 1691. Behind the stretch of wall is the Patio de la Montería, which fronts the Palacio del Rey Don Pedro.[25]
The Sala de Justicia (courtroom of Justice) is accessed through the Patio del León.
It has a square floor plan, isMudéjar in style and was built in the reign ofAlfonso XI of Castile. It is a square room with anartesonado (qubba). In it there is a shield of theOrder of the Band, created by Alfonso XI around 1340. The room would have been built in 1340.[32] However, although the room was dated in the reign of Alfonso XI thanks, among other details, to this shield, the shield of that order also appears in other parts of the palace decorated in the reign of his son,Peter. It is similar to the Sala de Comares of theAlhambra. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was known as the Sala de los Consejos.[34] It is most likely that it was an Almohad room[35] used to gather a council (maswar) and that it was reformed withMudéjar art by the Christians, who continued to use it for the same purpose. This was probably the room where the court presided by Peter was located, although there are other hypotheses about its possible location. In this court there were three brick steps with a stone throne, although this structure was demolished before the visit ofPhilip II in 1570. This action displeased Philip II, who was a great admirer of King Don Peter and who was the first to indicate that he should be called "the Avenger".
In the centre of the hall is a fountain with a shallow drain down to the Patio del Yeso, and round the walls are brick and tile benches.[33]
._Reales_Alc%25C3%25A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg)
From the Sala de Justicia one enters the Patio del Yeso, which was built at the end of the 12th century,[36] by Ali al-Ghumari[36] from theAlmohad period, almost square in plan, with a pool in the center[33] and arcaded arches on each side of the courtyard, on which there is rich decoration. On the south side there are caliphal columns that support arches with decoration (sebka) of plaster.[37] This decoration covers a porch. In the porch there is an entrance consisting of two horseshoe arches with a column in the center.[38] On the lintel of this entrance there are two windows. On the opposite wall there is a walled exit with three horseshoe arches in the Córdoban caliphal style. This patio has undergone several alterations throughout its history. The entire wall where thesebka arches were located was found covered. It was discovered byFrancisco María Tubino in 1890.[39][36] TheMarquis of Vega-Inclán, then curator of the Alcázar, commissioned in 1912 its recovery and restoration to the architect José Gómez Millán. In the courtyard of the oldmosque, the arches were uncovered, the capitals were cleaned, and the floor of the courtyard were excavated at the foot of the columns.[40] The courtyard although restored, the walls and horshoe arcades are well preserved with their Almohad ornamentation.[33]
.jpg)
Patio de la Montería (Courtyard of the Hunt). This is the main courtyard, and was built when Palace of Peter was built in 1364,[41] and is presided over by the door of the palace ofPeter. In the walls there are semicircular arches that were walled up in the 15th century.
To the right are the rooms of theCasa de Contratación, who built in 1503[41] and there met the merchants who made contracts there when there was a boom in trade from Seville with Spanish America and the Philippines.[42] The Casa de Contratación has a porticoed gallery from the 17th century made by Antón Sánchez Hurtado, the eastern side of the Casa de Contratación was built by the Belgian architect Sebastian Van der Borcht in 1755, after theLisbon earthquake.[41]
Halls faces the square courtyard, its area was occupied by aAlmohad sunken garden at a level of 1.5 meters beneath the halls, it had two walkways, and had a channel to irrigate the garden.[43] In 1997, other Alhomad palace was discovered beneath the Patio de la Montería, the building was built around 1150, it was demolished in 1356 for the construction of the Palace of Peter of Castile.[43]
The name, meaning "The Courtyard of the Maidens", is a reference to the apocryphal story that the Muslim rulers demanded an annual tribute of 100 virgins from the Christian kingdoms of Iberia.[44]
The courtyard was part of the Mudéjar palace built by Pedro I in the 1360s.[2] The ground level of the building still dates to this period and contains Arabic inscriptions that refer to Pedro I as "Sultan Don Bidru".[45] The upper story of the courtyard was an addition made byCharles V. The addition was designed byLuis de Vega in the style of theItalian Renaissance although he did include both Renaissance and mudéjar plaster work in the decorations. Construction of the addition began in 1540 and ended in 1572.[46]
At ground level, several reception rooms are arranged around a long rectangular reflecting pool that runs the entire length of the patio, creating a water line.[47] This pool is surrounded by promenades covered with a red brick pavement decorated with green ceramic borders, similar to the pavement that adorns the perimeter of the garden.[47] The pool and its promenades are bordered by two flowerbeds located one meter beneath the pavement[48] whose sides are decorated with a frieze of interlaced semi-circular arches.[citation needed]
The current appearance of the courtyard garden is the result of a reconstruction carried out in the 21st century following the excavations carried out between 2002 and 2005 by a team of archaeologists led by Miguel Ángel Tabales.[49][50] The garden and the pool, built between 1356 and 1366, were buried between 1581 and 1584 when the courtyard was paved by Juan Bautista de Zumárraga with a white and black marble pavement and an alabaster fountain in the center.[47][48][49] The patio maintained this appearance until its original structure was discovered[51] and the hidden garden was uncovered after the 2002–2005 excavations, which revealed the good state of conservation of the area under the patio.[47][50] The ancientMudejar garden was restored after being hidden for centuries under a marble floor.
TheBaños de Doña María de Padilla ("Baths of Lady María de Padilla") is a chamber located in a basement beneath thePatio del Crucero. It is named afterMaría de Padilla, the mistress of Pedro I, although the structure itself is unrelated to her and dates instead to the Gothic palace of Alfonso X. It consists of an elongated water basin, orcistern, roofed by a series of Gothic cross-ribbed vaults.[13]
The Hall of the Ambassadors (Salon de los Embajadores) dates from the 14th century, when Pedro I of Castile made it a centerpiece of his new royal palace.[2] One hypothesis states that Pedro reused and remodeled a much older hall, known as the Hall of the Pleiades, built by the Abbadid ruler al-Mu'tamid, but this theory has not been widely accepted.[3]
The hall has a square shape and is covered by a dome, analogical to thequbba-type structures of Islamic architecture.[2] During Pedro's construction, the orientation of the hall was changed from facingMecca (to the east) to the northeast, where it opens to thePatio de las Doncellas through a central doorway.[52] At the middle of each of the other three sides of the hall is a central doorway consisting of a triplehorseshoe arch supported by marble columns. Each of the triple arches is enclosed by a decorative rectangular frame (alfiz), which in turn is enclosed by a semi-circular frame within a larger rectangular frame.[2][53] Beyond each of these archways is a wide rectangular room, leading in turn to other rooms.[53] The lower walls of the Hall of Ambassadors are decorated with adado of tiles, while the walls above are decorated with rich plasterwork. A row of windows with delicate stuccogrilles runs along the top of the walls, below the dome.[2]
The hall's decoration was finished in 1366, as recorded by an Arabic inscription on a set of wooden doors that was made by artisans fromToledo.[2] The current dome over the hall was rebuilt in 1427 to replace the original dome. The balconies in the upper walls were added in the 16th century.[2] In 1526, EmperorCharles V andIsabella of Portugal celebrated their marriage in this room.[54]
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All the palaces ofAl Andalus had garden orchards with fruit trees, horticultural produce and a wide variety of fragrant flowers. The garden-orchards not only supplied food for the palace residents but had the aesthetic function of bringing pleasure. Water was ever present in the form of irrigation channels, runnels, jets, ponds and pools.
The gardens adjoining the Alcázar of Seville have undergone many changes. In the 17th century during the reign of Philip III the Italian designer Vermondo Resta introduced the Italian Mannerist style. Resta was responsible for the Galeria de Grutesco (Grotto Gallery) transforming the old Muslim wall into aloggia from which to admire the view of the palace gardens.
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