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Albicetus

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Extinct genus of mammals

For the cetotheriid of a similar name, seeAlbacetus.

Albicetus Temporal range:Langhian ~16–14 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓

Reconstruction of skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Infraorder:	Cetacea
Parvorder:	Odontoceti
Superfamily:	Physeteroidea
Genus:	†Albicetus Boersma & Pyenson, 2015^[2]
Species:	†A. oxymycterus
Binomial name
†Albicetus oxymycterus (Kellogg, 1925)^[1]
Synonyms
Ontocetus oxymycterusKellogg, 1925^[1] Scaldicetus oxymycterus(Kellogg, 1925)^[1]

Albicetus is agenus ofstem-sperm whales that lived during theMiocene Epoch, around 15 million years ago, and was discovered inSanta Barbara, California in 1909. It was categorized for decades as belonging to a group of extinctwalruses erroneously thought to be sperm whales. It was namedAlbicetus, meaning "white whale", is a reference tothe leviathan inHerman Melville's classic 1851 novelMoby-Dick.^[2]^[3]

Taxonomy

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Etymology

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The genusAlbicetus derives from theLatinalbus "white" andcetus "whale", and so literally means "white whale". It was named in reference to theantagonist Moby Dick fromHerman Melville's novelMoby-Dick. This reference was done both in honor of Melville and as a reference to the most notable traits of the Moby Dick–including an "unwonted magnitude", light color, and a crooked and deformed lower jaw–which coincidentally also describe the traits found in theAlbicetus oxymycterusholotype specimen (the fossils themselves possess a light hue).^[2]

The species nameoxymycterus is derived from theAncient Greek ὀξύςoxy "sharp" and μυκτήρmycter "nose".^[2]^[1]

Taxonomic history

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The holotype was recovered from an unspecified location in the sea cliffs near the originalSanta Barbara Lighthouse in 1909, which is believed to most likely be part of theMonterey Formation.The whale was originally placed in the genusOntocetus in 1925 by American naturalistRemington Kellogg asO. oxymycterus.^[1]^[4]^[5] This genus was originally thought to represent a sperm whale, however, in 2008, thetype species,Ontocetus emmonsi, was discovered to actually be awalrus. The whale was then moved to thewastebasket taxonScaldicetus,^[6] which consists of various other (more-or-less unrelated) primitive sperm whales with enamel coated teeth. In 2015, the whale was moved to the newly erected genusAlbicetus.^[2]

Phylogeny

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Albicetus, unlike the modernsperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), possessed functional andenamel-coated teeth in both jaws. This suggests that it is related to the group ofmacroraptorial sperm whales which includesAcrophyseter,Brygmophyseter,Livyatan, andZygophyseter. However,Albicetus is most similar in general shape and characteristics withAulophyseter morricei, except for the dentition in which the latter possesses only small, vestigial upper teeth lacking enamel. The closest known relative toAlbicetus is currentlyLivyatan.^[2]

Albicetus contains only one speciesA. oxymycterus.

Physeteroidea

†Eudelphis

	†Zygophyseter

	†Brygmophyseter

†Acrophyseter

†Livyatan

†Albicetus

† 'Aulophyseter' rionegrensis

Physeteridae

†Orycterocetus

	†Idiorophus

	†Physeterula

†Idiophyseter

	Physeter

	†Aulophyseter

†Placoziphius

†Diaphorocetus

Kogiidae

†Aprixokogia

	Kogia

	†Praekogia

†Scaphokogia

†Thalassocetus

Relationships betweenAlbicetus and other physeteroids, macroraptorials are in bold^[2]^[7]^[8]

Description

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Thetype specimen,USNM 10923, consists of a partial skull (mainly remains of the beak) and isolated tooth fragments. Comparing theoccipital condyle length with antorbital notch (slits in the skull right before the snout) width of other primitive sperm whale, the total body length is estimated to be between 5.9–6.3 m (19–21 ft). The preserved length of the beak is 81.9 cm (2.69 ft).^[2]

The whale had a maximum of 18 teeth in either jaw, deeply rooted in exceedingly largetooth sockets.

Paleoecology

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For macroraptorial sperm whales, the presence of large body size along with large tooth size suggests that body size was an adaptation to hunting bigger prey, notably othermarine mammals, as opposed to the modern sperm whale where size is possibly an adaptation to deep diving. TheLanghian is particularly rich in sperm whale diversity, withAlbicetus,Brygmophyseter, andAulophyseter contemporaneously inhabiting the North Pacific. It is possible these sperm whales exhibitedniche partitioning to avoid directly competing for food.^[2]

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKellogg, Remington (1925). "A fossil physeteroid cetacean from Santa Barbara County, California".Proceedings of the United States National Museum.66 (2564):1–8.doi:10.5479/si.00963801.66-2564.1.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱBoersma, Alexandra T. &Pyenson, Nicholas D. (2015)."Albicetus oxymycterus, a new generic name and redescription of a basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Miocene of California, and the evolution of body size in sperm whales".PLOS ONE.10 (12) e0135551.Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035551B.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135551.PMC 4674121.PMID 26651027.
^"Call me Albicetus: Scientists find the real great white whale".Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 December 2015.
^Hay, O. P. (1930).Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Vol. II.Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 1–1074.
^Barnes, L. G. (1977). "Outline of eastern North Pacific fossil cetacean assemblages".Systematic Zoology.25 (4):321–343.doi:10.2307/2412508.JSTOR 2412508.
^Kohno, N.; Ray, C. E. (2008).Pliocene walruses from the Yorktown Formation of Virginia and North Carolina, and a systematic revision of the North Atlantic Pliocene walruses. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication. Vol. 14.Virginia Museum of Natural History. pp. 39–80.
^Berta, A. (2017).The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution. Baltimore, Maryland:Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 112–113.ISBN 978-1-4214-2326-5.
^Lambert, O.; Bianucci, G.; de Muizon, C. (2017)."Macroraptorial Sperm Whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea) from the Miocene of Peru".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.179:404–474.doi:10.1111/zoj.12456.hdl:11568/814760.

External links

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Data related toAlbicetus at Wikispecies

Odontocete genera

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Artiodactyla
Infraorder:Cetacea

Odontoceti

†Agorophius †Ankylorhiza †Archaeodelphis †Argyrocetus †Ashleycetus †Caolodelphis †Chilcacetus †Enigmatocetus †Eoplatanista †Inticetus †Macrodelphinus †Microcetus †Mirocetus †Neosqualodon †Olympicetus †Papahu †Patriocetus †Phoberodon †Phococetus †Prosqualodon †Sachalinocetus †Simocetus †Sulakocetus †Tangaroasaurus
†Xenorophidae	Albertocetus Cotylocara Echovenator Inermorostrum Xenorophus
†Waipatiidae	Awamokoa Ediscetus Nihohae Nihoroa Otekaikea Urkudelphis Waipatia
†Squalodontidae	Eosqualodon Squalodon
†Squaloziphiidae	Crisocetus? Squaloziphius Yaquinacetus
†Eurhinodelphinidae	Ceterhinops Eurhinodelphis Iniopsis Mycteriacetus Phocaenopsis Schizodelphis Vanbreenia Xiphiacetus Ziphiodelphis
Crown-Odontoceti	see below↓

Crown-Odontoceti

Physeteroidea

†Acrophyseter †Albicetus †Brygmophyseter †Eudelphis †Hoplocetus †Livyatan †Miophyseter †Rhaphicetus †Scaldicetus †Zygophyseter
Kogiidae	†Aprixokogia Kogia †Koristocetus †Nanokogia †Platyscaphokogia †Pliokogia †Praekogia †Scaphokogia †Thalassocetus?
Physeteridae	†Aulophyseter †Cozzuoliphyseter †Diaphorocetus †Idiophyseter †Idiorophus †Orycterocetus Physeter †Physeterula †Placoziphius †Thalassocetus?

Platanistoidea

†Aondelphis †Dolgopolis †Ensidelphis †Perditicetus †Eurhinodelphinidae? †Squalodontidae? †Waipatiidae?
†Allodelphinidae?	Allodelphis Arktocara Goedertius Ninjadelphis Zarhinocetus
†Squalodelphinidae?	Furcacetus Huaridelphis Macrosqualodelphis Medocinia Notocetus Phocageneus Squalodelphis
Platanistidae	†Araeodelphis †Dilophodelphis †Grimadelphis †Pachyacanthus? †Pebanista Platanista †Pomatodelphis †Prepomatodelphis †Zarhachis?

Ziphiidae

†Aporotus †Beneziphius †Caviziphius †Chavinziphius †Chimuziphius †Choneziphius †Dagonodum †Globicetus †Imocetus †Messapicetus †Nazcacetus †Nenga †Ninoziphius †Notoziphius †Pterocetus Tasmacetus †Tusciziphius †Xhosacetus †Ziphirostrum
Berardiinae	†Archaeoziphius Berardius †Microberardius
Ziphiinae	†Izikoziphius Ziphius
Hyperoodontinae	†Africanacetus Hyperoodon †Ihlengesi Indopacetus Mesoplodon

Delphinida	see below↓

Delphinida

†Albireo †Atocetus †Brevirostrodelphis †Cammackacetus †Delphinodon †Hadrodelphis †Herbeinodelphis †Liolithax †Lophocetus †Macrokentriodon †Miminiacetus †Odobenocetops †Pictodelphis †Pithanodelphis †Tagicetus †Westmorelandelphis
†Kentriodontidae	Belonodelphis? Kampholophos Kentriodon Platysvercus Sophianacetus Rudicetus Wimahl
Lipotidae	Lipotes †Parapontoporia †Prolipotes

Inioidea

†Awadelphis
Iniidae	†Brujadelphis †Goniodelphis Inia †Ischyrorhynchus †Isoninia? †Isthminia †Kwanzacetus †Meherrinia †Plicodontinia †Saurocetes
Pontoporiidae	†Atocetus? †Auroracetus †Brachydelphis †Piscorhynchus †Pliopontos †Pontistes †Protophocaena †Samaydelphis †Scaldiporia †Stenasodelphis Pontoporia

Delphinoidea

Monodontidae	†Bohaskaia †Casatia Delphinapterus †Denebola †Haborodelphis Monodon
Phocoenidae	†Archaeophocaena †Australithax †Haborophocoena †Lomacetus †Miophocaena Neophocaena †Numataphocoena Phocoena Phocoenoides †Piscolithax †Pterophocaena? †Semirostrum †Septemtriocetus

Delphinidae

†Arimidelphis †Australodelphis †Eodelphinus †Etruridelphis †Hemisyntrachelus Lagenorhynchus Leucopleurus †Norisdelphis Orcinus †Platalearostrum †Pliodelphis †Pterophocaena?
Lissodelphininae	Aethalodelphis Cephalorhynchus Lissodelphis
Delphininae	Delphinus Lagenodelphis Sotalia Sousa Stenella Tursiops
Globicephalinae	Feresa Globicephala Grampus Orcaella Peponocephala Pseudorca Steno

Taxon identifiers
Albicetus oxymycterus	Wikidata:Q22285172 GBIF:8550437 Paleobiology Database:333315
Ontocetus oxymycterus	Wikidata:Q112950961 GBIF:8865365

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